Deck 9: Identity

Question 1

When Luka tells his parents he wants to be a rock musician,they offer to help him pay for guitar lessons as long as he keeps his grades up.Erikson would say that their response is an example of

A)permissive parenting.
B)a psychosocial moratorium.
C)identity foreclosure.
D)positive working models.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

For adolescents,the most important single contributor to self-esteem is

A)having lots of friends.
B)getting good grades in school.
C)success in sports.
D)being physically attractive.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to Erikson,the most pressing psychosocial issue during adolescence is

A)preparing for adult employment.
B)being popular with other teens.
C)achieving a sense of identity.
D)finding the right romantic partner.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

"I felt so good about myself when my friend told me how helpful I was.It would be great if I could feel that good all the time." This comment best reflects _____ self-esteem.

A)lack of
B)barometric
C)unstable
D)baseline

Question 5

"I'm taking biology because my mom's a doctor and always intended for me to go into medicine too." This statement is an example of what Erikson calls

A)intellectualization.
B)psychosocial moratorium.
C)identity diffusion.
D)identity foreclosure.

Question 6

Compared to children,adolescents who describe themselves tend to use concepts that are more

A)complex.
B)abstract.
C)integrated.
D)All of the above.

Question 7

During early adolescence,baseline self-esteem

A)becomes more positive.
B)drops sharply.
C)stays at similar levels for boys and girls.
D)remains similar to levels in late childhood.

Question 8

Ariel's father is an attorney and his mother is a municipal judge.At 17,Ariel pierces his tongue,gets a bright orange Mohawk haircut,and shows up shirtless at his parents' reception for a prominent city official.Erikson would probably describe Ariel's behaviour as indicating

A)a psychological disorder.
B)a psychosocial moratorium.
C)a negative identity.
D)role confusion.

Question 9

During the second stage of ________,typically in middle adolescence,teens embark on a process of active exploration.

A)developing an ethno-cultural identity
B)achieved ethno-cultural identity
C)foreclosure
D)baseline self-esteem

Question 10

Charles Horton Cooley's term,the _____,refers to the idea that we learn who we are by seeing how others react to us.

A)looking-glass self
B)social ego
C)referenced self
D)generalized other

Question 11

The stable positive or negative feelings that people have about themselves are known as _____ self-esteem.

A)referential
B)barometric
C)predictive
D)baseline

Question 12

Which of the following self-descriptions is most likely to have been made by an adolescent?

A)"I love sports!"
B)"I'm the shortest kid in my class."
C)"I get good grades in English so I really like it."
D)"I'm pretty outgoing with my friends,but I come on shy around grown-ups."

Question 13

Those in _____ adolescence are most likely to notice discrepancies in their self-descriptions and to be disturbed by these inconsistencies.

A)early
B)middle
C)late
D)All of the above.

Question 14

William James referred to the process that enables people to think,feel,and know about themselves as the

A)ego.
B)Me.
C)I)
D)identity.

Question 15

According to James Marcia,identity development involves the processes of _____ and _____.

A)crisis;conflict
B)assimilation;accommodation
C)rewards;punishments
D)exploration;commitment

Question 16

One change in the self-concept that takes place during adolescence is that

A)teens move away from psychological thinking.
B)self-descriptions become more complicated.
C)teens use more concrete self-descriptions.
D)All of the above.

Question 17

According to _____,the I and the Me are contrasting sides that make up the self.

A)Erik Erikson
B)William James
C)Jean Piaget
D)G)Stanley Hall

Question 18

Those who are in the _____ category of identity status are more likely to be apathetic,depressed,and uninterested.

A)diffusion
B)foreclosure
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 19

Programs designed to raise the self-esteem of adolescents have

A)led to higher school achievement.
B)led to fewer problem behaviours.
C)led to better personal relationships.
D)None of the above.

Question 20

Marcia would say that teens who are exploring their beliefs and values but have not made a commitment to them are in the _____ identity status.

A)diffusion
B)foreclosure
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 21

"Yeah,he knocked over the lamp,but he didn't mean to,so it wasn't that bad." This statement represents what Piaget called

A)autonomous morality.
B)preoperational thought.
C)heteronomous morality.
D)moral realism.

Question 22

Research aimed at testing Gilligan's ideas about moral judgment has found that

A)boys and girls are roughly equal in the importance they give to intimacy versus obligations.
B)boys are more likely to think that someone who commits a crime should be punished,whatever the circumstances.
C)girls are more swayed by irrelevant sentimentality.
D)girls are more caring and boys are more objective in their judgments.

Question 23

Critics have charged that Kohlberg's approach to moral development

A)suffers from Eurocentric cultural bias.
B)underestimates the moral judgment ability of females.
C)studies what people think is right,but not whether they act according to their beliefs.
D)All of the above.

Question 24

Oksana spent a lot of time discussing an upcoming election with friends and studying the websites of different candidates and political bloggers.Now she has decided to spend the summer working as a volunteer for the candidate she thinks is best,who is not her parents' choice.Oksana's actions fit Marcia's description of _____ identity status.

A)foreclosure
B)achievement
C)moratorium
D)diffusion

Question 25

Research indicates that the most common of Kohlberg's stages among adolescents is the _____ orientation.

A)punishment
B)social contract
C)"Good boy/Good girl"
D)naive hedonism

Question 26

Which of the following statements is the best example of heteronomous morality?

A)"He made a mess,but it wasn't wrong because he was trying to help."
B)"It doesn't matter what he meant to do,wrong is wrong."
C)"If you want to play the game with different rules,that's okay."
D)"Sometimes people do something bad and get away with it."

Question 27

"Of course what she did was wrong.She got sent to jail,didn't she?" This statement most closely fits what Kohlberg called

A)preconventional morality.
B)conventional morality.
C)postconventional morality.
D)preoperational morality

Question 28

Anatoly's parents are activists in a political party.When Anatoly turns 18 and registers to vote,he enrolls in the same party,though he is not sure if he agrees with that party's stand on issues.In Marcia's terms,Anatoly's identity status is

A)identity diffusion.
B)identity moratorium.
C)identity achievement.
D)identity foreclosure.

Question 29

In Berzonsky's view,those in the _____ identity status are likely to seek out self-relevant information and look skeptically at their own views.

A)moratorium
B)diffusion
C)achievement
D)Both A and C.

Question 30

In Kohlberg's view,people move from one stage of moral development to the next because

A)others confront them with arguments that are more morally adequate than their own.
B)they receive systematic instruction in moral rules and beliefs.
C)they want to fit in with peers who are more morally mature.
D)being at a lower moral stage arouses feelings of guilt.

Question 31

When a cousin asks Gregoire what he wants to do with his life,he replies,"I'll think about that some other time.Rock on,dude!" According to Marcia,Gregoire is in the _____ identity status.

A)foreclosure
B)diffusion
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 32

The term immanent justice refers to the belief that

A)judges should be prominent figures in a community.
B)it is only fair to take a person's intentions into account when judging what they do.
C)wrongdoing automatically leads to punishment.
D)illegal acts should be sanctioned as quickly as possible.

Question 33

Carol Gilligan maintains that girls are more likely than boys to make moral judgments based on a _____ orientation.

A)justice
B)social order
C)care
D)social equality

Question 34

Teens are more likely to develop a solid ethnic identity when

A)they live in neighbourhoods that are ethnically diverse.
B)they explore the history and customs of their ethnic culture.
C)their families take part in ethnic celebrations and serve ethnic meals.
D)All of the above.

Question 35

Sanjay says that Heinz should definitely steal the drug to save his wife.This clearly indicates that Sanjay

A)is in Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral judgment.
B)is in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral judgment.
C)is from a culture that is collectivist rather than individualist.
D)None of the above.

Question 36

Lee hopes to go to a college known as a "party school",but has no idea what he might want to major in.He says he'll figure that out when he has to.James Marcia would say that Lee is in the ____ identity status.

A)moratorium
B)diffusion
C)foreclosure
D)achievement

Question 37

Anastasia has taken a summer internship in a public relations firm because she thinks she might enjoy that kind of work and wants to explore it further before choosing a major. In Marcia's terms,Anastasia is in the _____ identity status.

A)foreclosure
B)diffusion
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 38

Miguel is quiet and polite around his immigrant elders,but brash and funny with his Anglo friends at school.His behaviour is an example of

A)assimilation.
B)code switching.
C)marginalization.
D)accommodation.

Question 39

According to Michael Berzonsky's description of identity styles,teens with a low tolerance for ambiguity and a high need for structure are likely to use a _____ processing style.

A)normative
B)foreclosed
C)informational
D)diffuse-avoidant

Question 40

Recent research indicates that the identity status typical of most high school students is

A)achievement.
B)foreclosure.
C)diffusion.
D)B or C.

Question 41

Why is it important to distinguish between baseline self-esteem and barometric self-esteem? How does each respond to adolescence?

Question 42

The disciplinary technique of _____ is most closely associated with children's moral maturity.

A)permissiveness
B)power assertion
C)induction
D)love withdrawal

Question 43

The disciplinary technique of induction helps promote more mature moral thinking because

A)asking the child to imagine the other person's feelings encourages sympathy and perspective taking.
B)fear of punishment leads the child to follow rules more closely.
C)the child comes to realize that immature moral thinking will lead to loss of the parent's approval or love.
D)the internal feelings of guilt it creates motivate the child to behave better.

Question 44

Recent research has discovered the existence of "mirror-neurons" that may provide a neurological basis for the feeling of

A)personal attractiveness.
B)empathy.
C)obligation to others.
D)ethnic identity.

Question 45

What is ethnic identity and why is it important?

Question 46

Describe the ways the self-concept changes from childhood to adolescence and discuss the reasons for these changes.

Question 47

Children are most likely to accept and internalize their parents' moral values when their parents take a(n)_____ approach to parenting.

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)nonjudgmental

Question 48

Discuss the ways parents affect the moral development of children and adolescents.

Question 49

Freud maintained that the superego forms when the child

A)can use concrete operations to think about moral issues.
B)internalizes the parents' moral code as part of dealing with the Oedipus complex.
C)is rewarded for doing what is morally correct.
D)is punished for morally wrong actions.

Question 50

Martin Hoffman has suggested that the origin of moral development is in

A)observing others who act morally.
B)discussions with peers of moral issues.
C)the capacity to feel empathy.
D)strict parental discipline.

Question 51

The earliest signs of a sense of empathy with the distress of others occur when

A)babies become upset by the sound of another baby crying.
B)toddlers offer a toy to an upset playmate.
C)schoolchildren give money to charity.
D)adolescents volunteer for community service projects.

Question 52

"Trying to live up to my moral beliefs is very important to the way I think of myself." This statement suggests someone with a strong

A)sense of guilt.
B)fear of punishment for misdeeds.
C)tolerance for ambiguity.
D)moral identity.

Question 53

Discuss Erikson's description of the psychosocial crisis of adolescence and the possible outcomes.

Question 54

A person whom others consider to be outstanding in moral commitment and character is referred to as a moral

A)paragon.
B)apogee.
C)exemplar.
D)archetype.

Question 55

For Freud,the most important factor in promoting moral behaviour is the need to

A)gain the approval of peers.
B)keep the affections of parents.
C)avoid internal feelings of guilt.
D)avoid criticism from others.