Deck 8: Gender

Question 1

At summer camp,the first time Aaron found himself on the list for dishwashing,he protested that guys don't wash dishes,that's for girls.This reflected his particular

A)gender schemas.
B)hormonal imbalance.
C)dislike for housework.
D)talent for avoiding chores.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Professor Mushinski does research on the rate at which caffeine affects adolescent boys and girls.This would best be described as a question of

A)gender roles.
B)sex differences.
C)gender differences.
D)gender typing.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

One well documented cognitive difference between adolescent boys and girls is that on the whole

A)girls are more sociable.
B)boys are more logical.
C)boys perform better on tests of spatial abilities.
D)All of the above.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

During prenatal development,the hormone testosterone

A)is present in male,but not female fetuses.
B)is equally high in all males and equally low in all females.
C)has an impact on the appearance of the external genitals in both sexes.
D)is produced only in the testes of the male fetus.

Question 5

In Bandura's view,a central element in gender typing is

A)the child's belief that he or she has the resources needed for gender-typical activities.
B)the parents' awareness that the child was affected by prenatal hormones.
C)the child's ability to solve concrete operational problems.
D)the parents' commitment to avoid sex discrimination in child rearing.

Question 6

Girls who were exposed to high levels of prenatal testosterone

A)tend to prefer playing with boys' toys.
B)play more with boys.
C)are sometimes born with ambiguous genitals.
D)All of the above.

Question 7

According to gender schema theorists,a child's sense of gender identity emerges

A)gradually,beginning in the preschool years.
B)once the child is able to solve conservation problems.
C)with the hormonal changes of puberty.
D)as a result of discrimination by those of the other gender.

Question 8

"Once children understand that their gender is a permanent aspect of the self,they begin to identify with their gender role." This statement is closest to the view of

A)Albert Bandura.
B)G)Stanley Hall.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)Lawrence Kohlberg.

Question 9

The proportion of children who are put in remedial programs and become underachievers

A)is equally low for girls and boys.
B)is higher for girls than for boys.
C)is higher for boys than for girls.
D)is equally high for boys and girls.

Question 10

On Kristina's first day of nursery school,she hovers near the door,unsure what to do.The teacher's aide leads her to the kitchen corner and suggests she have a tea party with another girl and two dolls.This is best seen as an example of

A)cognitive dissonance.
B)gender socialization.
C)hormone-environment interaction.
D)gender consistency.

Question 11

According to _____,parents and others react to the changes of puberty by pushing for more gender-typical attitudes and behaviours.

A)the gender intensification hypothesis
B)gender diversity theory
C)biopsychological research
D)self-efficacy approaches

Question 12

The term _____ refers to the structured knowledge that children acquire about the characteristics and typical activities of males or females.

A)gender schema
B)gender consistency
C)gender identity
D)socialization

Question 13

At 11,Vanessa's favorite activities are dirt-biking and rock-climbing.Her mother's repeated and pressing offers to take her shopping for a party dress and to sign her up for dance lessons can be seen as an example of

A)gender intensification.
B)passive gene-environment interaction.
C)informational social influence.
D)maternal deprivation.

Question 14

The expectations within a society about how males and females are supposed to be are known as

A)gender roles.
B)sex differences.
C)culture specificity.
D)social influence.

Question 15

A developmental systems account would point to _____ as important contributor(s)to gender development.

A)biological characteristics
B)parents and peers
C)cultural beliefs
D)All of the above.

Question 16

Scholars maintain that the most important factor in gender typing is

A)biology.
B)socialization.
C)cognition.
D)All of the above.

Question 17

When Jared,who is 10,wears a skirt and wig for the school play,he has to explain to his 4-year-old sister that he is still a boy.Jared and his sister differ in their understanding of

A)gender roles.
B)gender consistency.
C)gender differences.
D)gender typing.

Question 18

When a new and unusual toy is introduced in Sarah's nursery school class,two boys are the first to start playing with it.Later Sarah turns down a chance to play with it because "that's a boy toy." Her refusal reflects her

A)shyness with boys.
B)gender schemas.
C)gender consistency.
D)preoperational thinking.

Question 19

Doctor Kawasaki is interested in the ways adolescent girls and boys use networking sites on the Internet.This would best be described as a question of

A)sex differences.
B)sex-linked characteristics.
C)gender differences.
D)neurobiology.

Question 20

A genetic disorder known as _____ leads to an overproduction of androgens in the developing fetus.

A)hyperandrism
B)congenital adrenal hyperplasia
C)prenatal testosterone
D)automasculinization

Question 21

The experience that is most likely to trigger an outbreak of depression in adolescence is

A)academic problems.
B)the breakup of a romance.
C)conflict with parents.
D)being turned down by your college choice.

Question 22

After Tom and Hakeem get into an argument,Hakeem spreads the (false)rumor that Tom called him a racially charged name.This is best understood as an example of

A)hostile attributional bias.
B)relational aggression.
C)a hate crime.
D)the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

Question 23

Compared to adolescent girls,adolescent boys

A)have a stronger feeling of self-efficacy in math and science.
B)gradually lose their confidence about doing well in math and science.
C)are less interested in fields that involve math and science.
D)are equally likely to have achievement in math drop off over the high school years.

Question 24

During adolescence,scores on measures of self-esteem

A)drop for girls.
B)drop for boys.
C)drop more for girls than for boys.
D)All of the above.

Question 25

A culture in which men and women are said to be equal in rights,education,and job opportunities would be described by social scientists as

A)gender-free.
B)modern.
C)traditional.
D)gynecological.

Question 26

Construction toys such as Lego blocks and Tinkertoys

A)are stereotyped as toys for boys.
B)are played with more often by boys than girls.
C)improve spatial abilities in both boys and girls.
D)All of the above.

Question 27

When faced with emotional stress,girls are more likely than boys to

A)deal with the problem logically.
B)distract themselves with activities.
C)conceal the problem from parents.
D)brood about the problem.

Question 28

When personal relationships run into trouble,girls,more than boys,are likely to talk over their problems and feelings with a friend,in what is known as

A)co-rumination.
B)soul-searching
C)accommodation.
D)relational aggression.

Question 29

Among _____,a small group is high in physical aggression from childhood and through adolescence.

A)girls but not boys
B)boys but not girls
C)both boys and girls
D)None of the above.

Question 30

Last week,Marissa scored high on a math quiz.She told her best friend,"I lucked out this time." This week her score was lower and she told her friend,"I just don't have the head for this stuff." A likely consequence of these explanations is that she will

A)deliberately do poorly in math to avoid seeming unfeminine.
B)study harder for the next math quiz.
C)develop a sense of learned helplessness about math.
D)expect that her luck will change and she will do better next time.

Question 31

According to gender stereotypes,girls feel more _____ and boys feel more _____.

A)anger;guilt
B)sadness;anger
C)fear;guilt
D)sadness;happiness

Question 32

Girls _____ personal relationships than boys.

A)put more energy into
B)are more distressed by problems with
C)want to feel closer in their
D)All of the above.

Question 33

Compared to boys,girls receive _____ in math during _____.

A)lower grades;elementary school
B)more encouragement;elementary school
C)higher grades;elementary school
D)equally high test scores;high school

Question 34

Research among university students in many countries indicates that gender beliefs in Canada

A)are on the traditional side of the spectrum.
B)are on the modern side of the spectrum.
C)fall midway between traditional and modern.
D)are more modern than those in European countries.

Question 35

A culture in which men are expected to control or dominate women would be described by social scientists as

A)traditional.
B)homocentric.
C)modern.
D)antiquated.

Question 36

The gender-related attitudes of Pakistani Canadians

A)are more traditional than those of Anglo Canadians.
B)are more traditional than those of Dutch Canadians.
C)are as traditional as Malaysian Canadians.
D)All of the above.

Question 37

Yuan enters a summer program for high school students who are gifted in math.Of the 40 students,she is one of five girls.Her success in the program is likely to

A)be greater because she wants to prove that girls can handle it.
B)depend on making friends with the smartest boys.
C)suffer because of the effect of stereotype threat.
D)be unaffected by the unbalanced male-female ratio.

Question 38

When faced with emotional distress,boys are more likely than girls to

A)brood about the problem.
B)distract themselves with activities.
C)discuss the problem with parents.
D)immerse themselves in their negative feelings.

Question 39

During childhood,symptoms of depression

A)are much more likely in girls.
B)are much more likely in boys.
C)are just as likely in girls and boys.
D)are never found.

Question 40

Carol Gilligan maintains that during adolescence,girls

A)become increasingly sure of themselves.
B)become more tentative and silence their "voice."
C)come to value their sensitivity to others more highly.
D)expect themselves to be more assertive.

Question 41

Research suggests that once children enter adolescence,psychological androgyny has _____ effects for _____.

A)negative;boys and girls
B)positive;boys and girls
C)positive;boys but not girls
D)positive;girls but not boys

Question 42

Where conformity to traditional gender roles is concerned,adolescent _____ who are _____ are looked on least favorably by other adolescents.

A)girls;gender-typical
B)girls;gender-atypical
C)boys;gender-typical
D)boys;gender-atypical

Question 43

Discuss the relationship between gender and self-esteem in adolescence.How has this relationship been explained by theorists such as Carol Gilligan?

Question 44

Psychologists suggest that androgynous adolescents

A)are better adjusted and have higher self-esteem.
B)will work through their gender confusion once they near adulthood.
C)have a disorder that requires treatment.
D)will only be attracted to other androgynous teens.

Question 45

Two friends are arguing about the origins of sex and gender differences in teens.One says it's all biology,the other says it's mainly society and culture.They appeal to you to settle the question.What do you tell them,and what evidence do you offer to support your conclusions?

Question 46

Marisol,11,and her younger brother need something to do on a rainy Saturday morning.It is most likely that

A)she will suggest an activity such as an art project and he will agree.
B)he will suggest an activity such as a video game and she will agree.
C)they will flip a coin to decide who chooses the activity.
D)they will not agree and end up playing separately.

Question 47

_____ who are high in masculine traits are accepted,as are _____ who are high in feminine traits.

A)Boys;boys
B)Boys and girls;girls
C)Girls;boys
D)All of the above.

Question 48

Discuss the concept of psychological androgyny and the suggestion that teens who are androgynous are better adjusted.

Question 49

Discuss the similarities and differences between Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental approach to gender development and the gender schema approach of Martin and Halverson.

Question 50

On a personality test,Kim scores high in nurturance and expressiveness as well as in assertiveness and analytical thinking.It is most likely that Kim would be classified as

A)masculine sex-typed.
B)undifferentiated.
C)psychologically androgynous.
D)feminine sex-typed.

Question 51

Friends describe Leslie as very sensitive and supportive,but too dependent and unassertive.Leslie best fits the description of those who are

A)masculine sex-typed.
B)psychologically androgynous.
C)feminine sex-typed.
D)undifferentiated.

Question 52

Emma asks her father a question about earthquakes and tidal waves.In response,he is likely to

A)go into more detail than she can easily take in.
B)suggest she look up the answer on the Internet.
C)use less complex language and concepts than he would with her brother.
D)help her find an episode of a TV science program on the topic.

Question 53

How does exposure to mass media influence gender roles during adolescence?

Question 54

Those who are high in both feminine and masculine personality traits are called

A)sexually ambiguous.
B)sinistrodextrous.
C)psychologically androgynous.
D)doubly stereotyped.

Question 55

In media presentations that adolescents watch,women are typically presented as

A)young,beautiful,and thin.
B)high achieving executives.
C)the decision-makers in a family.
D)harassed by tasks such as paying bills and figuring taxes.