Deck 11: Adolescence: Cognitive, Moral and Personality Development

Question 1

The capacity to think recursively about others' true and false beliefs is sometimes described as second- order ____________________________.

Answer 1

theory of mind.

Question 2

Piaget put forward three hypotheses to explain variations in the rate of mastery of formal- operational thought. Which of the following is not one of his hypotheses?

A) Genetic causality
B) Cross- cultural causality
C) Environmental causality
D) Nature- nurture interaction- cognitive specialisation

Answer 2

Cross- cultural causality

Question 3

The onset of formal- operational thinking enables adolescents to speculate about broad philosophical, spiritual and social questions as well as to reflect on tactics of ______________ in social situations.

Answer 3

self preservation

Question 4

Which of the following is not a stage in ethnic identity development?

A) Unexamined ethnic identity
B) Ethnic identity search
C) Examined ethnic identity
D) Achieved ethnic identity

Question 5

The beam balance problem is used to assess ______________-______________ thinking.

Question 6

The moral reasoning of adolescents and adults in collectivist, socially oriented cultures may differ qualitatively from the ______________ judgements of competing justice claims that are implicit in Kohlberg's model of moral development derived from North Americans.

Question 7

According to Damon (1975), at what age can children typically understand the basics of economic life, including primary producers, retailers and customers?

A) 14- 16 years of age
B) 6- 9 years of age
C) 3- 5 years of age
D) 10- 13 years of age

Question 8

Which of the following is an important change that takes place in the brain during adolescence?

A) Changes in the structure and functioning of the dopaminergic system.
B) Structural changes in the prefrontal cortex.
C) Changes in the basal ganglia.
D) All of the above

Question 9

When adolescents from ethnic minorities manage to incorporate elements of their Asian, African or Mexican roots into blended identity choices, they were found to display ______________ levels of self- esteem than those who identified exclusively with either ethnic or mainstream Anglo- American culture.

Question 10

Adolescent cognitive ______________ , as expressed in a belief in an imaginary audience, may relate as much to new social experiences in the early teens as to cognitive changes.

Question 11

Beginning at about age ______________ , there is an abrupt rise in dopamine receptor density in the striatum and prefrontal cortex.

A) 17
B) 9
C) 15
D) 13

Question 12

Which of the following is the best description of diffusion tensor imaging?

A) Measures changes in brain activation patterns during performance of cognitive tasks.
B) Creates visual images of the brain using magnetic wave patterns. This technique is important for studying developmental changes in the brain's anatomy over the lifespan.
C) Measures the patterns of progressive myelin encasement of nerve fibres as the brain develops. The directions of the pathways of individual neural connection within the brain are also assessed.
D) All of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is not a stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

A) Conformity
B) Logical morality
C) Instrumental hedonism
D) Heteronomous morality

Question 14

A clear understanding of ratios and proportionality, together with concepts of probability and partial association (correlation), is associated with which of the following?

A) Sensorimotor period
B) Concrete operational stage
C) Formal operational stage
D) Preoperational stage

Question 15

Which of the following is related to moral development in teenagers?

A) Becoming a vegetarian.
B) Becoming involved in environmental activism.
C) Joining a political movement.
D) All of the above

Question 16

In other research with Paul Rozin, Carol Nemeroff found that adolescents' and young adults' beliefs about sexually transmitted disease were often ______________ , displaying the same tendency towards using ______________ reasoning in place of the logic of formal- operational reasoning as a source of causal explanations for infection and personal vulnerability.

A) haphazard; magical
B) illogical; magical
C) logical; concrete- operational
D) illogical; concrete- operational

Question 17

According to Jean Natapoff (1982), ______________-______________ thinkers were conscious of the future, viewing health as a long- term issue in contrast to sickness, which was short term.

Question 18

According to Steinberg (2008), the ______________ system is a network in the brain involving the basal ganglia (especially the nucleus accumbens), the orbitofrontal cortex, the medial prefrontal cortex and the amygdala.

Question 19

A ______________ involves a protracted identity crisis, often entailing a painful period when all identity commitments are temporarily suspended and the individual feels lost and confused.

Question 20

The notion that 'right and wrong are relative to one's own immediate gain and that there are no abstract moral values beyond self- interest', is consistent with the ____________________________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.

Question 21

Roughly 95 percent of the boys in Kohlberg's original sample reasoned purely at Stages 1 and 2 at the age of 10.

Question 22

Preadolescents have developed skills to solve problems that require contrary- to- fact assumptions.

Question 23

According to Connell et al. (1975), it is not until the age of ______________ that there are more Australian adolescents using formal- operational thinking rather than concrete- operational thinking.

Question 24

According to Kroger (1989), identity development is complete by the age of 22.

Question 25

Even though adolescent and mature brains might seem indistinguishable in overall size and shape, they are structurally and functionally different.

Question 26

One of the key criticisms of Kohlberg's original longitudinal interviews was that it included no ______________ respondents, and the chief protagonist in most of Kohlberg's dilemmas was ______________ .

Question 27

Gilligan (1977) suggested that when women face moral challenges, they reason about them in terms of the altruistic need to help others and to find ways of cooperating socially in an interdependent manner, so as to draw the group together around the moral problem.

Question 28

From ages seven to nine children only have simple concepts of sharing with no clear concept of reciprocity, merit or entitlement.

Question 29

According to Peterson (1982), Australian boys who have started going out with girls have been found to display less imaginary- audience reaction than their peers who have not yet started going out with girls.

Question 30

The adolescent's resolution of the identity crisis organises and integrates all separate elements of personality into a coherent whole.

Question 31

Piaget put forward three hypotheses to explain variations in the rate of mastery of formal- operational thought. One of these,______________ , is described as the inter- individual developmental divergence in peak abilities as a result of inherited ability differences, explaining why some develop formal operations and others do not.

Question 32

According to Connell et al. (1975), only 35 percent of individuals that left school early to enter the workforce had developed formal- operational thought by the age of 20.

Question 33

In an optimally stimulating educational environment, all adolescents will develop formal- operational thought.