Deck 2: The Science of Lifespan Development: Goals, Theories and Methodology

Question 1

Which of the following is most associated with collaborative learning?

A) Students watching and copying the actions of an interaction partner.
B) Students presenting class lectures.
C) Students working collectively in a dialectical environment.
D) Students working in a formal educational environment.

Answer 1

Students working collectively in a dialectical environment.

Question 2

_____________ originally pioneered the notion of lifespan development as a predictable process of qualitative gains in personality, strength, organisation and complexity.

Answer 2

Freud

Question 3

According to Freud, which of the personality structures is dominant during the oral stage?

A) The super ego
B) The id
C) The ego
D) All personality structures are equally involved

Answer 3

The id

Question 4

After learning to select a small red diamond and a small red heart, a child learns to select all small or red objects. This is an example of:

A) generalisation.
B) modelling.
C) mediation.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 5

The rapid progress of social change, particularly in areas of health care, education, technology and attitudes to women's employment, are:

A) not a problem for cross- sectional research.
B) cohort- specific experiences.
C) caused by the Flynn effect.
D) social norms in world development .

Question 6

Which of the following is not one of the three different kinds of pre- theoretical models that are prevalent in lifespan developmental psychology?

A) Socio- cultural model
B) Environmental- mechanistic model
C) The dialectical model
D) The organic- maturational model

Question 7

Which of the following is not one of Erikson's potential conflicts?

A) Generativity versus self- absorption
B) Role progress versus stagnation
C) Identity versus role confusion
D) Industry versus inferiority

Question 8

The concept(s) vital to Buhler's theory of lifespan psychological growth depend on which of the following?

A) Skilled self- monitoring, assessment and redirection.
B) Hard work through life to achieve these goals.
C) A realistic initial set of goals.
D) All of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is true about Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

A) An infant at this stage learns to deal effectively with the physical and social world.
B) It ends when the child has mastered symbolic thought.
C) It is typically defined as the period from 1- 3 years of age.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 10

The second goal of developmental scientists is explanation, which relates to _____________ changes occur.

Question 11

According to Kaufman (1990), intelligence (as measured by an IQ test):

A) remains stable from late adolescence to late adulthood.
B) typically peaks in the late 30s and then declines into later adulthood.
C) peaks around 25 years of age.
D) remains stable across the lifespan.

Question 12

Few children's development exactly matches the average normative timetable in every way. Which of the following contribute to this variability?

A) Sampling method used to develop norms
B) Ethnic background
C) Individual cognitive differences
D) All of the above

Question 13

Cohort- specific experiences are a major problem for which of the following research methods?

A) Longitudinal designs
B) Cross- sectional designs
C) Case studies
D) All of the above

Question 14

Which of the following is not correct regarding case studies?

A) They involve data collection from a range of sources often including relatives and institutional records.
B) They are highly generalisable to other individuals.
C) They compile a complete picture of the individual.
D) They suggest hypotheses about development that can be followed up using broader sampling techniques.

Question 15

In a behaviour modification/cognitive behaviour therapy context, which of the following is an example of Reinforcement?

A) A rat learning to avoid a bar producing an electric shock
B) A child having their pocket money withheld for misbehaving
C) A teenager earning money for cleaning their room
D) All of the above

Question 16

_____________ are testable predictions that suggest ideas requiring scientific data collection for their answers.

Question 17

The descriptive goal of developmental psychology is to gather facts and figures about ____________ and ______________.

A) age groups; social norms
B) transitions; outcomes
C) age groups; age- related changes
D) children; adults

Question 18

Which author(s) are credited with the initial development of social learning theory?

A) Kendler and Kendler
B) Albert Bandura
C) Neal Miller and John Dollard
D) B.F. Skinner

Question 19

According to Baltes, _____________ entails choosing or developing a psychological attribute, element or strategy to perform a particular psychological function.

Question 20

Dissecting complex, mature behaviour into its simpler parts and earlier beginnings is most likely to occur in _____________ models.

Question 21

Freud's seminal theory has played a major role in the growth of modern developmental psychology.

Question 22

A basic assumption of Buhler's theory is that each human life is coherently organised from birth to death around a goal activity.

Question 23

When applied to human development, the dialectical analogy suggests that psychological growth is diminished by struggles, setbacks, debates and disputes.

Question 24

The three goals of lifespan developmental scientists are description, explanation and potentialisation.

Question 25

In some of his early research, Albert Bandura (1969) showed that aggression can develop through observational learning and modelling.

Question 26

While resembling Vygotsky's theory in many respects, Piaget's is more explicitly social, and more attentive to the unique features of the child's own sociocultural environment.

Question 27

When creating normative descriptions of adult development, it is often necessary to come up with separate norms for adults with different backgrounds and varying kinds of lifestyles and life experiences.

Question 28

_____________ to boost development or remove obstacles in the path of development can supply ways of testing models, explanations and theories of human development.

Question 29

The findings of laboratory experiments and case studies generalise well into the typical individual's everyday life.

Question 30

Age norms facilitate social services planning and environmental design for particular age groups.

Question 31

The best picture of development can be drawn when cross- sectional, longitudinal and time- lag research are conducted at the same time on the same group of people.

Question 32

According to Piaget, thinking in the _____________ stage is 'prelogical'.

Question 33

In a/an _____________ , the same group of participants is followed through time,
being tested at regular intervals as they grow older.

Question 34

Learning to do something by observing someone else doing it is an example of vicarious reinforcement.

Question 35

The _____________ is an unconscious reservoir of selfish instincts.

Question 36

Social learning theory, in both its original and its social cognitive incarnations, strongly emphasises _____________ .

Question 37

According to _____________ , the cultural tools that a child receives from the social environment, through interactions with parents, peers and teachers, are essential in enabling the human mind to grow.

Question 38

In a cross- sectional study, members of different age groups, chosen to be similar to one another on dimensions other than age, are compared at a number of points in time.

Question 39

The researcher is able to test causal hypotheses in a _____________ .