Deck 3: In the Beginning: Hereditary, Prenatal Development Birth in a Nutshell

Question 1

Children of the same parents often look different from one another. This is a result of the random selection of genes from each parent to form the gametes, a process known as _________________

Answer 1

meiosis

Question 2

If monozygotic twins are found to differ consistently from their co- twin in some particular attribute, _________________ is implicated.

Answer 2

nurture (environmental factors)

Question 3

According to Plomin adoptive mothers were _________________ more and _________________ to their adopted children than biological mothers were to their offspring.

A) critical; less understanding
B) attentive; responsive
C) critical; attentive
D) responsive; understanding

Answer 3

attentive; responsive

Question 4

The genome map provides an overall blueprint of the complete gene complement of a human being, along with a set of landmarks enabling individual genes to be pinpointed precisely. Its completion suggests that the human genome contains between _________________ and _________________ genes.

A) 30 000; 55 000
B) 25 000; 31 000
C) 10 000; 16 000
D) 20 000; 26 000

Question 5

Which of the following is not a common example of delayed gene action?

A) The timing of 'natural' death
B) The changes in cells due to frequent X- rays or excessive exposure to sunlight
C) The occurrence of a girl's first menstrual period
D) The onset of disease such as Huntington's chorea

Question 6

According to the range- of- reaction principle a person's _________________ can set upper and lower limits on the environment's possible range of influence.

Question 7

The first stage in the birth process typically lasts for between _________________ and _________________ hours in women who are giving birth for the first time.

Question 8

Direct pairwise comparisons between monozygotic and dizygotic twins can only be made between same sex twin siblings, due to __________ - _________________

Question 9

The degenerative effect of Huntington's chorea on the nervous system does not begin until _________________

Question 10

Which of the following should be avoided during pregnancy?

A) Folic acid supplements
B) Foods rich in B vitamins
C) Excessive alcohol consumption
D) A and C

Question 11

Which of the following would be considered an element of a child's non- shared environment with a sibling?

A) The child's deliberate cultivation of a special talent
B) Having a different school teacher
C) The child selecting their own hair and clothing style
D) All of the above

Question 12

_________________ changes entail the operation of chemical switching mechanisms that can turn genes on or off, or enhance or dampen down the magnitude of their influence on the phenotype.

Question 13

During the fourth and fifth weeks after conception, which of the following is correct about the embryo?

A) The limbs and hands have not become apparent.
B) It grows to a length of 2.5 centimetres.
C) The heart is fully formed and begins to beat.
D) The brain begins to appear.

Question 14

_________________ is the study of those influences that can result in developmental damage when they enter the embryo's protected environment.

Question 15

In the case of IQ scores, a large number of separate studies of several thousand twins have produced estimates of the average correlation between monozygotic twins of approximately r = __________ and same- sex dizygotic twins in the region of r = ___________.

A) 1; 0.83
B) 0.86; 0.44
C) 0.93; 0.83
D) 0.86; 0.60

Question 16

The final period in prenatal development begins when the first bone cells emerge, about _________________ weeks after conception.

Question 17

In adoption studies, if an adopted child is found to be more similar to the biological than the adoptive parents, _________________ is implicated

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of time influencing the heredity- environment relationship?

A) The environment and the individual's relationship with it change over the lifespan.
B) Many aspects of the genetic blueprint that are set out in the genotype at conception do not show their effects on the phenotype until years or even many decades later.
C) Genes themselves are subject to change with time and their patterns of expression can change through environmental influence.
D) All of the above.

Question 19

Which of the following traits is influenced by just one gene from each parent?

A) Eye colour
B) Blood group
C) Personality
D) Both A and B

Question 20

At the peak rate of brain growth during prenatal life, as many as ________________ new neurons (nerve cells) are added every minute.

A) 500 000
B) 250 000
C) 5000
D) 25 000

Question 21

According to Paabo (2001) the overall DNA sequence similarity between the human and the chimpanzee is about 95 percent.

Question 22

By the early age of 14 weeks, the tiny embryo's repertoire of activities is already impressive.

Question 23

Children actively seek out the particular environmental situations that best suit their genetic predispositions.

Question 24

Scarr has argued that 'good enough, ordinary parents' probably have less overall effect on their children as compared to 'super- parents' who create the ideal rearing environment for their offspring.

Question 25

Sounds heard consistently during pregnancy are remembered by the foetuses, explaining their consistent preferences when they heard these same sounds again as newborn infants.

Question 26

Small- for- dates or premature infants do not impose any extra burdens of psychological adjustment or developmental challenges on their parents as compared to their full- term typical weight peers.

Question 27

According to Farber (1981; 2007) the longer monozygotic twins had been apart, the greater the behavioural similarities between them.

Question 28

The period of the embryo, spanning the time from five weeks after conception to the start of the second month of prenatal life, is in many ways the most dramatic developmental period in the entire lifespan.

Question 29

Recessive disorders manifest themselves in the heterozygous parent's phenotype, meaning that generations can be skipped.

Question 30

The chromosomes are located in specified segments along each gene.

Question 31

An adopted or blended family situation is not, in itself, a developmental risk factor, nor do adopted children automatically feel rejected or unwanted by their adopted families.

Question 32

The negative effects of the genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) can be avoided if the disorder is detected at birth.

Question 33

Both individuals in dizygotic and monozygotic twin pairs are found to have _________________ in cognitive and language development compared with non- twin children.

Question 34

Multiple- birth households encounter more stresses than families where all the siblings are of different ages.