Deck 42: Animal Development

Question 1

Four of the following are characteristic of morphogens.Which one is the exception?  

A) They are long-range signals in pattern formation.
B) They are encoded by master genes.
C) They affect gene splicing.
D) Their concentration decreases with distance from source.
E) They affect development.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which embryonic tissue is incorrectly associated with its derivative?  

A) Skin; ectoderm
B) Nervous system; ectoderm
C) Liver; endoderm
D) Circulatory system; mesoderm
E) Brain; mesoderm

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The zygote goes through ____ to become a(n)____.  

A) cleavage; blastula
B) cleavage; gastrula
C) zygote formation; embryo
D) cleavage; egg
E) fertilization; blastula

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Select the correct sequence of animal developmental events.  

A) fertilization ? cleavage ? gastrula ? blastula
B) fertilization ? cleavage ? blastula ? gastrula
C) fertilization ? blastula ? cleavage ? gastrula
D) fertilization ? gastrula ? blastula ? cleavage
E) fertilization ? blastula ? gastrula ? cleavage

Question 5

The process that causes embryonic cells to produce signals that alter the behavior of neighboring cells is known as  

A) contact inhibition.
B) ooplasmic localization.
C) embryonic induction.
D) pattern formation.
E) gene splicing.

Question 6

Figure on p. 737
Use the figure above showing the process of gastrulation to answer the following question.
The letter "C" in the accompanying figure represents ____.  

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) mesoderm
D) neural plate
E) yolk

Question 7

In yolk-rich eggs,cytoplasmic localization of the yolk results in which of the following?  

A) Yolk proteins concentrated at the animal pole
B) More cuts in the yolky part
C) Genetic material confined to the nucleus
D) Fewer cuts during cleavage in the vegetal pole
E) Reduced cytoplasm from the sperm

Question 8

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT  

A) cytoplasmic localization occurs in all oocytes.
B) in a yolk-rich egg, most yolk is at one pole and the opposite pole has little yolk.
C) during cleavage, a furrow appears on the cell surface and defines the plane of the cut.
D) deuterostomes undergo bilateral cleavage.
E) cleavage results in descendant cells with different types and proportions of substances.

Question 9

Gastrulation produces ____.  

A) hollow balls of cells
B) embryos with three primary tissue layers
C) solid balls of cells
D) specific organs
E) dead tissue

Question 10

Which of the following is the first stage in animal development?  

A) Cleavage
B) Gamete formation
C) Gastrula formation
D) Zygote formation
E) Blastula formation

Question 11

The bicoid protein of a fruit fly is an example of _____.  

A) embryonic induction
B) epigenetics
C) differentiation
D) a morphogen
E) assimilation

Question 12

Different cell lineages express different subsets of genes,resulting in _____.  

A) epigenetics
B) selective genetics
C) differentiation
D) morphogenic
E) assimilation

Question 13

In an experiment with amphibian embryos,cells from a blastomere that was divided in two developed normally under which condition?  

A) When they contained at least half of the gray crescent
B) Only when cells did not have the gray crescent
C) Only when cells received the full amount of gray crescent
D) When cells were cleaved bilaterally
E) When cells were cleaved radially

Question 14

Figure on p. 737

Use the figure above showing the process of gastrulation to answer the following question.

-The letter "A" in the accompanying figure represents ____.  

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) mesoderm
D) neural plate
E) yolk

Question 15

Figure 42.2
The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating frog development.
Cleavage is indicated by the letter ____.  

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 16

Which stage of development immediately precedes the formation of specialized tissue and organs?  

A) Gamete formation
B) Cleavage
C) Gastrulation
D) Blastulation
E) Binary fission

Question 17

In amphibian eggs,a pigmented area called the ____ appears after fertilization.  

A) gray matter
B) gray crescent
C) blastomere
D) cleavage plane
E) gray oocyte

Question 18

Figure 42.2
The following question refers to the figure above illustrating frog development.
Organ formation is occurring at ____.  

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 19

An evolutionary model of animal development explains how _____.  

A) animal body plans are constrained by existing structures in ancestral organisms.
B) homeotic genes are not universal among animals.
C) homeotic genes are found only in fruit flies, where they are responsible for odd placement of appendages.
D) new genetic lines are produced less by modification than by unique mutation.
E) somites form as blocks of genes in cells randomly distributed throughout the body.

Question 20

Without _____,humans might have a tail.  

A) differentiation
B) epigenetics
C) cell migrations
D) apoptosis
E) the maternal gene effect

Question 21

The hormone ____ is involved in a positive feedback cycle that results in strong uterine contractions during labor.  

A) estrogen
B) oxytocin
C) cortisol
D) progesterone
E) prolactin

Question 22

The female hormone that participates in milk production is _____ and the hormone that stimulates milk glands to contract is _____.  

A) prolactin; oxytocin
B) prolactin; estrogen
C) prolactin; progesterone
D) oxytocin; estrogen
E) oxytocin; progesterone

Question 23

Snakes typically are longer than lizards due to which mechanism?  

A) Variation in ALX1 alleles
B) Snakes have longer vertebrae
C) Snakes have shorter somites
D) Lizard embryos form somites at a faster rate
E) Snakes form somites rapidly compared to lizards

Question 24

Labor preceding birth _____.  

A) is a positive feedback loop
B) is a negative feedback loop
C) is influenced by prolactin
D) proceeds at a regular pace
E) stabilizes hormonal balance

Question 25

The placenta ____.  

A) forms from endometrial and extraembryonic tissues
B) will cover about one-half of the inner uterine surface at full term
C) intermingles fetal blood with maternal blood
D) secretes only estrogen to maintain the uterine lining during the second and third trimesters
E) secretes only progesterone to maintain the uterine lining during the second and third trimesters

Question 26

By the eighth week of human fetal development,____.  

A) the embryo does not look human yet
B) the neural tube has just begun to differentiate
C) upper and lower limbs are still forming
D) male or female reproductive structures have not started to form yet
E) male or female reproductive structures are forming

Question 27

Figure 42.11
?Use the figure above showing human embryonic developmental day 14 to answer the following question.
Which of the following structures represents the yolk sac?  

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 28

During pregnancy,a maternal antibody transported across the placenta to the fetal bloodstream can cause a problem if the mother ____.  

A) has passed on any teratogens
B) and baby have different Rh factors
C) is producing HCG
D) smokes during pregnancy
E) uses alcohol during pregnancy

Question 29

The prenatal period begins with the ____ and ends after ______.  

A) zygote; birth
B) blastocyst; gastrula
C) embryo; fetus
D) fetus; infant
E) zygote; fetus

Question 30

Human milk contains _____.  

A) calcium only
B) antibodies only
C) calcium and protein, but not antibodies
D) sugar and calcium, but not protein
E) calcium, antibodies, sugar, and protein

Question 31

In the placenta,nutrients move from mother to baby by ____.  

A) activated transport
B) the Rh factor
C) transport proteins
D) simple diffusion
E) HCG

Question 32

During days 8 and 9 after fertilization in humans,____.  

A) amnion cleavage begins
B) a blastocyst forms
C) an embryonic disk is formed
D) implantation occurs
E) gastrulation occurs

Question 33

Which human extraembryonic membrane forms the blood vessels of the umbilical cord?  

A) Amnion
B) Yolk sac
C) Chorion
D) Allantois
E) Protein coat

Question 34

Most neurons have formed by the ____,allowing reflexive movements.  

A) first trimester
B) fourth month
C) third trimester
D) ninth month
E) seventh month

Question 35

In humans,the term embryo refers to the following period of time: ____.  

A) from the ninth week after fertilization until birth
B) from the eighth week after fertilization until birth
C) from fertilization until the ninth week after fertilization
D) from 2 to 10 weeks after fertilization
E) from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization

Question 36

Figure 42.11
Use the figure above showing human embryonic developmental day 14 to answer the following question.
The structure that later becomes part of the placenta is indicated by ____.  

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 37

Which of the following does not necessitate surgical delivery?  

A) Dislodged placenta
B) Kinked umbilical cord
C) Maternal age above 30
D) A sexually transmitted disease in the mother
E) A placenta that covers the cervix

Question 38

Mutation in master regulators,such as those governing the formation of body segments called _____________ that later develop into bones and skeletal muscles,are usually lethal to the embryo.  

A) blastocysts
B) somites
C) embryonic disks
D) amnion
E) pharyngeal arches

Question 39

Organs form and begin to function during the ____ period.  

A) embryonic
B) amniotic
C) fetal
D) chorionic
E) gastrulation

Question 40

Fertilization typically occurs in the ____.  

A) ovary
B) oviduct
C) uterus
D) cervix
E) vagina

Question 41

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.
a.Somites
b.Blastocyst
c.Ectoderm
d.Mesoderm
e.Endoderm
Blocks of cells in the mesoderm that develop into bones and the skeletal muscle

Question 42

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.
a.Zygote
b.Blastula
c.Cleavage
d.Gastrula
e.Somites
This stage appears as a multicelled,fluid-filled ball.

Question 43

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.
a.Zygote
b.Blastula
c.Cleavage
d.Gastrula
e.Somites
This is the division of the zygote.

Question 44

Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.Visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.The formation of three embryonic tissue layers
c.The fusion of male and female nuclei
d.The entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.Selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.Subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.Region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.An embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.The formation of organs
j.One body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.The growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.Programmed cell death, as occurs in the formation of the mouse paw
Apoptosis

Question 45

___________ is a master regulator gene whose mRNA product accumulates at one end of a fly egg,resulting in a concentration gradient of the protein product after fertilization.

Question 46

Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.Visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.The formation of three embryonic tissue layers
c.The fusion of male and female nuclei
d.The entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.Selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.Subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.Region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.An embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.The formation of organs
j.One body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.The growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.Programmed cell death, as occurs in the formation of the mouse paw
Gastrulation

Question 47

Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.Visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.The formation of three embryonic tissue layers
c.The fusion of male and female nuclei
d.The entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.Selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.Subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.Region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.An embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.The formation of organs
j.One body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.The growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.Programmed cell death, as occurs in the formation of the mouse paw
Animal pole

Question 48

Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.Visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.The formation of three embryonic tissue layers
c.The fusion of male and female nuclei
d.The entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.Selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.Subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.Region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.An embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.The formation of organs
j.One body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.The growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.Programmed cell death, as occurs in the formation of the mouse paw
Cleavage

Question 49

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.
a.Zygote
b.Blastula
c.Cleavage
d.Gastrula
e.Somites
This is a longitudinal series of paired segments of the mesoderm.

Question 50

Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.Visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.The formation of three embryonic tissue layers
c.The fusion of male and female nuclei
d.The entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.Selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.Subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.Region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.An embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.The formation of organs
j.One body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.The growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.Programmed cell death, as occurs in the formation of the mouse paw
Gastrula

Question 51

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.
a.Zygote
b.Blastula
c.Cleavage
d.Gastrula
e.Somites
This is the fertilized egg.

Question 52

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.
a.Zygote
b.Blastula
c.Cleavage
d.Gastrula
e.Somites
Its cellular descendants give rise to specific tissues and organs.

Question 53

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.
a.Somites
b.Blastocyst
c.Ectoderm
d.Mesoderm
e.Endoderm
Consists of an outer layer of cells,a cavity,and an inner cell mass

Question 54

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.
a.Somites
b.Blastocyst
c.Ectoderm
d.Mesoderm
e.Endoderm
This is the first primary tissue layer to form.

Question 55

Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.Visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.The formation of three embryonic tissue layers
c.The fusion of male and female nuclei
d.The entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.Selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.Subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.Region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.An embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.The formation of organs
j.One body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.The growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.Programmed cell death, as occurs in the formation of the mouse paw
Embryonic induction

Question 56

Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.Visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.The formation of three embryonic tissue layers
c.The fusion of male and female nuclei
d.The entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.Selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.Subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.Region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.An embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.The formation of organs
j.One body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.The growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.Programmed cell death, as occurs in the formation of the mouse paw
Differentiation

Question 57

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.
a.Somites
b.Blastocyst
c.Ectoderm
d.Mesoderm
e.Endoderm
It forms between the other two primary tissue layers.

Question 58

Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.Visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.The formation of three embryonic tissue layers
c.The fusion of male and female nuclei
d.The entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.Selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.Subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.Region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.An embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.The formation of organs
j.One body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.The growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.Programmed cell death, as occurs in the formation of the mouse paw
Fertilization

Question 59

Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.Visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.The formation of three embryonic tissue layers
c.The fusion of male and female nuclei
d.The entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.Selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.Subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.Region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.An embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.The formation of organs
j.One body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.The growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.Programmed cell death, as occurs in the formation of the mouse paw
Gray crescent

Question 60

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.
a.Somites
b.Blastocyst
c.Ectoderm
d.Mesoderm
e.Endoderm
This starts the gut's inner lining.

Question 61

Diffusion of morphogens influences the differential expression of other genes such as __________,which govern the formation of specific body parts.

Question 62

__________ regulates the maturation of the mammary glands,and then _____ causes contraction of milk glands.

Question 63

During implantation,the __________ buries itself in the uterine wall.

Question 64

During gastrulation,three tissue layers form: the outer __________,the inner __________,and the __________ in between the first two layers.

Question 65

During which age/period do bones stop growing?  

A) In the pre-pubescent period
B) In the 40s
C) Shortly after puberty
D) During the 20s
E) During pubescence

Question 66

During development,___________________ brings ectodermal cells from the neural tube outward to their final positions throughout the body,such as the neurons of the peripheral nervous systems and melanocytes in skin.

Question 67

What will happen by the end of the eighth week of development?  

A) Limbs form, and paddles at their ends are sculpted into digits.
B) The umbilical cord and the circulatory system develop.
C) All of the organ systems will be formed, and apoptosis has eliminated the tail.
D) The fetal heartbeat can be heard clearly through a stethoscope positioned on the mother's abdomen.
E) The fetus has begun not only to detect sounds but also to remember some of them.

Question 68

In _______,one subset of cells affects the developmental pathway of other cells.

Question 69

Nutrients and antibodies move across the placenta from mother to embryo or fetus,as do __________,which can cause birth defects.

Question 70

In humans,during which stage of development is the body plan set in place and organs begin to form?  

A) Zygote
B) Blastula
C) Amniote
D) Fetus
E) Embryo

Question 71

__________,products of master genes,act as long-range signals that diffuse out from a source and form a concentration gradient.

Question 72

Babies born before _____ after fertilization are considered premature.  

A) 36 weeks
B) 37 weeks
C) 38 weeks
D) 39 weeks
E) 40 weeks