Deck 45: Community Ecology

Question 1

All of the populations of different species that occupy and are adapted to a given area are known as ____.  

A) the biosphere
B) a community
C) an ecosystem
D) a niche
E) the habitat

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Figure 45.13
The scorpionfish in the above figure is using ____ for protection.
a.mimicry
b.display behavior
c.warning coloration
d.chemical defenses
e.camouflage
The scorpionfish in the above figure is using ____ for protection.

A) Mimicry
B) display behavior
C) warning coloration
D) chemical defenses
E) Camouflage

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Figure 45.4
?

The relationship between the sea anemone and a pink anemonefish shown above is ____
a.a parasitic association
b.predation
c.resource partitioning
d.a mutualistic association
e.an epiphytic relationship
?The relationship between the sea anemone and a pink anemonefish shown above is ____

A) a parasitic association
B) Predation
C) resource partitioning
D) a mutualistic association
E) an epiphytic relationship

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts all of the following situations,EXCEPT ____.  

A) great species richness when physical and biological disturbances are moderate in intensity
B) increased species richness when disturbance is infrequent
C) reduced diversity when disturbance is infrequent
D) exclusion of other species by the most competitive species when disturbance is infrequent
E) a fewer number of species with selective advantage when disturbance is frequent

Question 5

Figure 45.11A and B
 
The images above of a stinging wasp and a nonstinging fly are an example of ____.
a.mimicry
 
b.display behavior
 
c.mimicry and warning coloration
 
d.chemical defenses
 
e.camouflage
The images above of a stinging wasp and a nonstinging fly are an example of ____.

A) Mimicry
B) display behavior
C) mimicry and warning coloration
D) chemical defenses
E) Camouflage

Question 6

Which element is LEAST likely to be an abiotic factor that can affect community structure?  

A) Sunlight
B) Rainfall
C) Cloud cover
D) Decomposing organic matter
E) Temperature

Question 7

____ arises as a result of directional selection on species that share a limited resource; the result is minimized competition.  

A) Resource partitioning
B) Inclusive competition
C) Intraspecific cooperation
D) Primary succession
E) Secondary succession

Question 8

An interaction between two species in which both species benefit is known as ____.  

A) mutualism
B) parasitism
C) commensalism
D) competition
E) predation

Question 9

An example of commensalism is a(n)____.  

A) a clown fish living in a sea anemone
B) an orchid growing on a tree branch
C) yucca plant seeds dispersed by yucca moths
D) Canadian lynx preying on a snowshoe hare
E) a tapeworm living in a human intestine

Question 10

Species richness refers specifically to the ____.  

A) numbers of individuals of each species present.
B) ability of larger animals to enrich themselves by successfully preying on smaller ones.
C) number of different species in the habitat.
D) feeding levels at which the animals are located.
E) relative abundance of the species

Question 11

Gause's principle of competitive exclusion is based on the idea that ____.  

A) larger organisms exclude smaller ones through competition as in the case of large trees controlling underbrush
B) competition for the same resources excludes species having different life styles
C) no two species can occupy the same niche indefinitely when resources are limited
D) two species can coexist if their niches do not overlap
E) species survival depends upon coevolution

Question 12

Competitive exclusion is the result of ____ by two species for the same limiting resource.  

A) mutualism
B) commensalism
C) competition
D) symbiosis
E) parasitism

Question 13

Four of the following statements are true of predator-prey coevolution.Which one is FALSE?  

A) Each species exerts selection pressure on the other.
B) Predators are selective agents that favor improved prey defenses.
C) Prey with better defenses are selective agents that favor better predator hunting skills.
D) Coevolution only occurs in animals and is usually seen after one reproductive generation.
E) Camouflage, warning coloration, and mimicry are all examples of coevolution tactics.

Question 14

What is a process that begins when a pioneer species colonizes a barren habitat with no soil?  

A) Primary succession
B) Species introduction
C) Intermediate disturbance
D) Secondary succession
E) Ecological succession

Question 15

A one-way relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of another is ____.  

A) commensalism
B) competitive exclusion
C) parasitism
D) obligate mutualism
E) a neutral relationship

Question 16

Predators often avoid a mimic species because of ____.  

A) bad taste
B) toxic secretion
C) resemblance to a well-defended species
D) painful sting
E) cryptic coloration

Question 17

The island of Surtsey,which formed from volcanic eruptions,was first colonized by _____.  

A) bacteria and fungi
B) lichen
C) mosses
D) vascular plants
E) seagulls

Question 18

An interaction in which one species benefits and the second species is neither harmed nor benefited is known as ____.  

A) mutualism
B) parasitism
C) commensalism
D) competition
E) predation

Question 19

Figure 45.6A
?
The image in the above photograph is a prime example of ____.
a.double mutualism
b.associative commensalism
c.interference competition
d.team predation
e.parasitism
The image in the above photograph is a prime example of ____.

A) double mutualism
B) associative commensalism
C) interference competition
D) team predation
E) Parasitism

Question 20

Interspecies interaction that benefits both participants is known as __________.  

A) commensalism
B) symbiosis
C) parasitism
D) epiphytic
E) mutualism

Question 21

Pioneer species are usually characterized by ____  

A) small size
B) tolerance to extreme environmental conditions
C) slow maturation
D) small size and tolerance to extreme environmental conditions
E) small size and slow maturation

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT true of tropical communities?  

A) They occur at the equator.
B) They receive more intense sunlight.
C) They have a longer growing season.
D) They receive less rainfall than temperate communities.
E) They have been established for a longer period of time.

Question 23

Which of the following does NOT apply to parasitoids?  

A) They are insects.
B) They kill animals on which they feed.
C) Their host usually survives.
D) The larvae develop in a host's body.
E) Some are effective biological control agents.

Question 24

Brood parasites ensure their reproductive success by the following mechanisms EXCEPT ____.  

A) producing eggs closely resembling that of the host
B) producing a large number of eggs
C) producing young that give off smells and sounds similar to those of the host
D) making their host vulnerable to predation
E) utilizing the host parental care mechanisms

Question 25

Which of the following represents an early stage in primary succession?  

A) Pine trees
B) Moss and lichens on bare rock
C) Weedy annual plants in an open field
D) Climax species in succession
E) Alder, cottonwood, and willow thickets

Question 26

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.Blending in and being hidden by the background
b.Relative abundance of each species
c.One organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.Opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitat
e.Lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.Number of species in a community
g.Symbiotic interaction that minimizes the costs and maximizes the benefits for both partners
h.One species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.Tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.The process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.Natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Species richness

Question 27

Which bird is a brood parasite and lays its eggs in the nests of other birds?  

A) Catbird
B) Cowbird
C) Magpie
D) Kirtland warbler
E) Blue jay

Question 28

A keystone species affects its community by ____.  

A) maintaining food web interactions or modifying the habitat
B) controlling the prey species
C) decreasing the number of prey species in a community
D) preying upon a wide variety of organisms in the community
E) feeding on only one type of organisms in the community

Question 29

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.Blending in and being hidden by the background
b.Relative abundance of each species
c.One organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.Opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitat
e.Lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.Number of species in a community
g.Symbiotic interaction that minimizes the costs and maximizes the benefits for both partners
h.One species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.Tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.The process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.Natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Species evenness

Question 30

Four of the following explain the area effect on island diversity.Which one is the exception?  

A) Larger islands have more habitats.
B) Smaller islands have more varied and higher elevations.
C) Larger islands intercept more colonizers.
D) Smaller islands have less complex topography.
E) Smaller islands have a greater probability of a species becoming extinct.

Question 31

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.Blending in and being hidden by the background
b.Relative abundance of each species
c.One organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.Opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitat
e.Lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.Number of species in a community
g.Symbiotic interaction that minimizes the costs and maximizes the benefits for both partners
h.One species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.Tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.The process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.Natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Camouflage

Question 32

According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis,____.  

A) species richness becomes greatest in between disturbances of moderate intensity or frequency
B) a disturbance is necessary during succession in order to stabilize the community
C) community succession is highly predictable
D) competition and other species interactions are the most important factors in shaping community structure
E) a community reverts to a climax state after a disturbance

Question 33

Of the following four islands at the same latitude,which one likely possesses the fewest species?  

A) 1,000 square kilometers in area and 300 km from the mainland
B) 3,000 square kilometers in area and 100 km from the mainland
C) 100 square kilometers in area and 3,000 km from the mainland
D) 300 square kilometers in area and 1,000 km from the mainland
E) All islands are at the same latitude, so they are all likely to have the same species richness.

Question 34

Secondary succession occurs more quickly than primary succession mainly because ____.  

A) improved soil is present from the start
B) disturbances in the community exposes more soil
C) rocky areas contain more minerals
D) sunlight is more available
E) nitrogen-fixing bacteria are present

Question 35

Which statement about kudzu is FALSE?  

A) It was imported from Asia for erosion control and forage.
B) It was originally introduced into the Pacific Northwest.
C) It is an exotic species.
D) It grows over most anything stationary in its path.
E) It is a vine.

Question 36

Species richness is greatest at which latitude?  

A) 60 degrees north
B) 60 degrees south
C) 0 degrees
D) 40 degrees north
E) 20 degrees south

Question 37

Species that are especially intolerant of physical disturbance to their environment are referred to as ____.  

A) ecosystem engineers
B) indicator species
C) exotic species
D) native species
E) pioneer species

Question 38

Figure 45.15
?

The photograph above of the aphid and the wasp is an example of ____.
a.mimicry
b.display behavior
c.warning coloration
d.chemical defenses
e.biological control of pests
The photograph above of the aphid and the wasp is an example of ____.

A) Mimicry
B) display behavior
C) warning coloration
D) chemical defenses
E) biological control of pests

Question 39

Which statement is NOT generally characteristic of parasites?  

A) They are specialists and usually are able to affect only one variety of hosts.
B) They inflict serious injury and kill their hosts immediately.
C) Their presence can weaken a host and make it more vulnerable to predation.
D) Their presence can reduce reproductive fitness.
E) Plants as well as animals can be parasites.

Question 40

Secondary succession is likely to occur in a(n)____.  

A) burned forest only
B) shallow lake only
C) abandoned field only
D) burned forest and an abandoned field
E) burned forest, a shallow lake, and an abandoned field

Question 41

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.Competition
b.Parasitoidism
c.Mutualism
d.Commensalism
e.Parasitism
The relationship between a dog and a wood tick is this.

Question 42

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.Blending in and being hidden by the background
b.Relative abundance of each species
c.One organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.Opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitat
e.Lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.Number of species in a community
g.Symbiotic interaction that minimizes the costs and maximizes the benefits for both partners
h.One species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.Tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.The process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.Natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Competitive exclusion

Question 43

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.Blending in and being hidden by the background
b.Relative abundance of each species
c.One organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.Opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitat
e.Lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.Number of species in a community
g.Symbiotic interaction that minimizes the costs and maximizes the benefits for both partners
h.One species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.Tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.The process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.Natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Pioneer species

Question 44

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.Competition
b.Predation
c.Mutualism
d.Commensalism
e.Parasitism
In this interaction between two species,both species are harmed to some degree.

Question 45

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.Competition
b.Predation
c.Mutualism
d.Commensalism
e.Parasitism
In this interaction,one individual or species is usually killed while the other benefits by eating it.

Question 46

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.Competition
b.Parasitoidism
c.Mutualism
d.Commensalism
e.Parasitism
If a wasp lays its eggs inside the larva of a moth,the interaction is this.

Question 47

Each species occupies a certain ecological __________,characterized by its interactions with the physical and chemical features and the other species living in it.

Question 48

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.Competition
b.Predation
c.Mutualism
d.Commensalism
e.Parasitism
An example of this interaction is that between an epiphyte and its host.

Question 49

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.Blending in and being hidden by the background
b.Relative abundance of each species
c.One organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.Opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitat
e.Lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.Number of species in a community
g.Symbiotic interaction that minimizes the costs and maximizes the benefits for both partners
h.One species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.Tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.The process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.Natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Secondary succession

Question 50

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.Blending in and being hidden by the background
b.Relative abundance of each species
c.One organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.Opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitat
e.Lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.Number of species in a community
g.Symbiotic interaction that minimizes the costs and maximizes the benefits for both partners
h.One species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.Tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.The process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.Natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Mimicry

Question 51

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.Blending in and being hidden by the background
b.Relative abundance of each species
c.One organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.Opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitat
e.Lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.Number of species in a community
g.Symbiotic interaction that minimizes the costs and maximizes the benefits for both partners
h.One species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.Tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.The process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.Natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Parasitism

Question 52

___________ is a body shape,color pattern,or behavior that allows an individual to blend into its surrounding and avoid detection.

Question 53

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.Blending in and being hidden by the background
b.Relative abundance of each species
c.One organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.Opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitat
e.Lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.Number of species in a community
g.Symbiotic interaction that minimizes the costs and maximizes the benefits for both partners
h.One species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.Tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.The process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.Natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Primary succession

Question 54

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.Blending in and being hidden by the background
b.Relative abundance of each species
c.One organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.Opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitat
e.Lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.Number of species in a community
g.Symbiotic interaction that minimizes the costs and maximizes the benefits for both partners
h.One species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.Tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.The process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.Natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Succession

Question 55

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.Competition
b.Parasitoidism
c.Mutualism
d.Commensalism
e.Parasitism
The interaction between a human and the intestinal bacterium E.coli is usually this.

Question 56

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.Competition
b.Predation
c.Mutualism
d.Commensalism
e.Parasitism
In this interaction,one species is harmed but usually not killed,to the benefit of the other that lives on or in it.

Question 57

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.Blending in and being hidden by the background
b.Relative abundance of each species
c.One organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.Opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitat
e.Lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.Number of species in a community
g.Symbiotic interaction that minimizes the costs and maximizes the benefits for both partners
h.One species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.Tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.The process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.Natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Mutualism

Question 58

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.Competition
b.Predation
c.Mutualism
d.Commensalism
e.Parasitism
In this interaction,both species benefit.

Question 59

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.Competition
b.Parasitoidism
c.Mutualism
d.Commensalism
e.Parasitism
The interaction between two closely related species of woodpeckers that live in a temperate forest is likely to be this.

Question 60

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.Competition
b.Parasitoidism
c.Mutualism
d.Commensalism
e.Parasitism
Lampreys feeding on other fish is an example of this.

Question 61

When a species lacking a defense mechanism looks like another well-defended species,it is called _____.  

A) Batesian mimicry
B) Mullerian mimicry
C) Warning coloration
D) Camouflage
E) Mutation

Question 62

Which is the species that is especially intolerant of physical disturbance to their environment?  

A) Secondary succession
B) Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
C) Pioneer species
D) Indicator species
E) Keystone species

Question 63

In this type of competitive interaction,the competing species reduce the amount of resources available to each other without direct interaction with each other.

Question 64

__________ are free-living and usually kill their prey.

Question 65

A new community that develops in a disturbed site where the soil that supported a previous community remains is known as ________.

Question 66

A species found in the region where it evolved and nowhere else is known as a(n)__________.

Question 67

A species that evolved in one community and later became established in a different one is known as a(n)_________.  

A) endemic species
B) exotic species
C) indicator species
D) keystone species
E) pioneer species

Question 68

Character displacement makes competing species less similar,which facilitates __________.

Question 69

Physical deterrents on plants discourage the interspecific interaction called ________.

Question 70

Insects that lay eggs in or on another insect,called ____________,are often used in biological pest control.  

A) parasitoids
B) brood parasites
C) commensal insects
D) invaders
E) hymenopterans

Question 71

The first species of a community are __________.