Question 1

For a breast-fed infant, which nutrient(s) should be the earliest to be supplemented?&#10;A) Fluoride and vitamin D&#10;B) Iron and magnesium&#10;C) Vitamin C&#10;D) Vitamin K

Accepted Answer

Most states require that infants receive a vitamin K injection soon after birth to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. This is more common among breast-fed infants than formula-fed infants because the vitamin K content is not adequate during the first week. Fluoride and iron supplementation is recommended after 6 months of age. Vitamin D supplementation is recommended daily but may be accommodated by providing the infant with adequate sun exposure.

Question 2

When plotting an infant's weight or length on a percentile growth chart, a curve is produced that can be used to follow the infant's growth. What is this curve called?&#10;A) Growth velocity&#10;B) Growth channel&#10;C) Catch-up growth&#10;D) Lag-down growth

Accepted Answer

As a growth pattern develops on a growth chart, the curve produced is known as the growth channel and is reported as a percentile based on the chart. Growth velocity is a measure of the rate of growth during a specified period of time and usually starts high in infancy and then decreases as the person gets older. Catch-up growth is when a smaller infant starts to reach his or her genetic growth potential by increasing growth rate during the first year of life, and lag-down growth is when a larger infant's growth rate decreases to its genetic potential.

Question 3

When should the addition of iron to the diet of both formula-fed and breast-fed infants begin?&#10;A) 6 weeks&#10;B) 4 to 6 months&#10;C) 6 to 9 months&#10;D) 1 year

Accepted Answer

The iron stores in infants are adequate enough to provide for growth up to double their birth weight, which, in most cases, comes around 4 to 6 months. Although the iron in breastmilk is highly bioavailable, continuing to only breastfeed an infant past 4 to 6 months of age will lead to depletion of the infant's iron stores by 6 to 9 months. To prevent this depletion, additional sources of iron are needed in the infant's diet.

Question 4

Compared with formula-fed infants, why do breast-fed infants experience a reduced incidence of infections?&#10;A) Human milk is higher in fat.&#10;B) Human milk has anti-infective factors.&#10;C) Commercial infant formula is higher in iron.&#10;D) Commercial infant formula is higher in fat.

Accepted Answer

Human milk provides secretory immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin, and lysozymes, which all contribute to preventing infection in the infant's gastrointestinal tract. The lactoferrin contributes to improved bioavailability of the iron in breastmilk and makes the iron unavailable to gut flora. Commercial formula has higher iron content because of its reduced bioavailability compared with breastmilk. Human milk is higher in fat content than formula, but the arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid present are more involved in the infant's neurologic development.

Question 5

Why should honey NOT be used in home-prepared formulas for infants?&#10;A) The added sweetener will cause the infant to crave sweets.&#10;B) The sugars present cannot be digested by the infant.&#10;C) The honey will settle out in the formula and cause a curdled appearance.&#10;D) The infant has no immunity to the botulism spore that may be present.

Accepted Answer

Honey may be a carrier of Clostridium botulinum spores, which can reproduce and make toxins that can cause death. The spores are resistant to heat treatment and are not destroyed by current processing methods. Infants are born with a preferential taste for sweets; therefore, providing sweet foods will not necessarily exert a craving for more. The simple carbohydrates in honey are digestible by infants. Only water, breastmilk, and rice cereal should be mixed with infant formula-nothing else.

Question 6

When should the introduction of semisolid and strained foods to the infant's diet begin?&#10;A) 6 to 8 weeks&#10;B) 2 to 4 months&#10;C) 4 to 6 months&#10;D) 6 to 8 months

Accepted Answer

Introduction of semisolid foods depends on both the infant's developmental readiness and his or her nutrient needs. To maintain iron nutriture, additional sources of iron need to be introduced into the diet by 4 to 6 months of age. However, to be able to feed an infant foods other than formula, the infant needs to be able to demonstrate head and neck control, voluntary movements of the tongue, chewing movements, and the ability to sit unsupported.

Question 7

To meet the fluoride needs of a breast-fed infant, what should parents be instructed to do?&#10;A) Begin giving fluoride supplements immediately after birth.&#10;B) Supplement the mother's diet with fluoride.&#10;C) Begin giving fluoridated water when the baby's teeth erupt.&#10;D) When the infant starts eating solid foods, the foods will provide enough fluoride.

Accepted Answer

Because human milk has low fluoride content regardless of the mother's fluoride intake, after 6 months of age, when an infant's teeth begin to appear, the baby should start receiving fluoridated water on a daily basis. Fluoride supplementation is not recommended before 6 months of age, partially to prevent the likelihood of fluorosis. Fluoride provision through food depends on the water supply used in the preparation of the food. Because communities where fluoridation has not been instituted still exist, adequate fluoride provision through foods alone cannot be guaranteed.

Question 8

Why are infants particularly susceptible to developing dehydration?&#10;A) Their mass-to-surface ratio is low.&#10;B) Their insulation is poor, resulting in increased water loss.&#10;C) Their renal concentrating ability is less than that of older children.&#10;D) The increased liquidity of their stools results in greater fluid loss.

Accepted Answer

Under normal conditions, breastmilk and formula provide infants with adequate water. However, if formula is boiled, water evaporation can lead to concentration of formula solids. This places stress on the immature kidneys of the infant. This is also why providing commercially prepared adult foods to an infant could be problematic-the higher sodium concentration of these foods could exceed the infant's renal solute load. Infants should be monitored when they live in hot, humid conditions and when they have episodes of diarrhea or vomiting. Watching for the number of wet diapers is one of the ways to do this.

Question 9

What are the recommended guidelines regarding the use of low-fat and nonfat milk for infants?&#10;A) These are appropriate for overweight infants during the first year.&#10;B) These are appropriate for any infant during the first year.&#10;C) These are inappropriate for infants during the first year.&#10;D) These are inappropriate for infants during the first 3 months of life.

Accepted Answer

All forms of cow's milk are not recommended for provision to infants younger than the age of 1 year. Cow's milk may cause gastrointestinal blood loss, may provide an excessive renal solute load, and is an inadequate source of iron and linoleic acid.

Question 10

What is the appropriate serving size for foods offered to a small child?&#10;A) 1 tsp for each year of age&#10;B) 1 Tbsp for each year of age&#10;C) 1/2 cup of each food served&#10;D) 1 cup total food per meal

Accepted Answer

A general guide for serving infants and young children is 1 Tbsp of each food for each year of age. Foods should be served on plates appropriate to the child's size. The child will indicate hunger if the served amount does not provide satiety. Larger portions and forced feeding may lead to either over- or underfeeding of the child.

Question 11

Which of the following describes the growth expectations for most infants?&#10;A) The birth weight is usually regained by the end of the first month.&#10;B) Infants triple their birth weight by 6 months of age.&#10;C) Infants double their birth weight by 4 to 6 months of age.&#10;D) Infants triple their length by 3 years of age.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following describes the growth...

Question 12

What is the recommendation for vitamin supplementation of infants fed commercially prepared formula?&#10;A) It is rarely needed.&#10;B) Supplement only vitamins.&#10;C) Only water-soluble vitamins should be supplemented.&#10;D) Only fat-soluble vitamins should be supplemented.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the recommendation for vitamin supplementation...

Question 13

What should the caregiver avoid feeding an infant to reduce the risk of choking?&#10;A) Cheese and pudding&#10;B) Grapes and hot dogs&#10;C) Graham crackers and cheese&#10;D) Pasta, such as macaroni

Accepted Answer

The answer of What should the caregiver avoid feeding an...

Question 14

How many kilocalories are provided by 6 fl oz of breastmilk or standard infant formula?&#10;A) 60 kcal&#10;B) 120 kcal&#10;C) 180 kcal&#10;D) 300 kcal

Accepted Answer

The answer of How many kilocalories are provided by 6...

Question 15

Why should whole cow's milk NOT be given to infants younger than 1 year of age?&#10;A) It decreases the renal solute load.&#10;B) It can lead to obesity in toddlers.&#10;C) It lacks the anti-infective quality of formulas.&#10;D) It is associated with lower intakes of iron and linoleic acid.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why should whole cow's milk NOT be...

Question 16

Compared with later stages of the life cycle, which of the following describes the infant's protein requirement?&#10;A) It is lower on a per-kilogram basis than that of the older child.&#10;B) It is lower on a per-kilogram basis than that of an adult.&#10;C) It is higher on a per-kilogram basis than that of an adult.&#10;D) It is the same on a per-kilogram basis as that of an adult.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compared with later stages of the life...

Question 17

Which vitamin is NOT adequately provided by breastmilk?&#10;A) Vitamin C&#10;B) Niacin&#10;C) Vitamin D&#10;D) Vitamin A

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which vitamin is NOT adequately provided by...

Question 18

What would be a behavior demonstrated by a 7- to 9-month-old to indicate that she is sated and finished eating?&#10;A) She falls asleep.&#10;B) She pays more attention to her surroundings.&#10;C) She plays with or throws her utensils.&#10;D) She hands her cup or bottle to her mother.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What would be a behavior demonstrated by...

Question 19

Which feeding practice will avoid the development of tooth decay in infants?&#10;A) Give the infant a bottle with fruit juice at bedtime.&#10;B) Give the infant a bottle with milk at bedtime.&#10;C) Put the infant to bed without a bottle.&#10;D) Give the infant a bottle at bedtime only when he or she appears fussy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which feeding practice will avoid the development...

Question 20

For how long do both the American Academy of Pediatricians and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recommend exclusive breastfeeding of infants?&#10;A) For 3 months&#10;B) For 6 months&#10;C) For the first year&#10;D) Up until the age of 2 years

Accepted Answer

The answer of For how long do both the American...

Deck 16: Nutrition in Infancy