Question 1

Which of the following is NOT associated with a decrease in prealbumin levels?&#10;A) Malnutrition&#10;B) Inflammation&#10;C) Protein-wasting disease of the gastrointestinal tract&#10;D) Zinc deficiency

Accepted Answer

Prealbumin levels may appear normal when a patient has uncomplicated or severe malnutrition. Prealbumin levels decrease in response to inflammation, protein-wasting diseases of the intestines and kidney, and in malignancy. As zinc is necessary in the synthesis of prealbumin, zinc deficiency will result in decreased levels.

Question 2

BMIs of _______ are associated with increased risk of mortality in those 65 and older.&#10;A) less than 23&#10;B) less than 18.5&#10;C) greater than 24.9&#10;D) there is no association between BMI and risk of mortality

Accepted Answer

Differences in race, sex, and age must be considered when evaluating the BMI. BMI values tend to increase with age, yet the relationship between BMI and mortality appears to be U-shaped in adults aged 65 and older. The risk of mortality increased in older adults with a BMI of less than 23.

Question 3

Which of the following is a measure of somatic protein status?&#10;A) C-reactive protein&#10;B) Retinol-binding protein&#10;C) Urinary methylmalonic acid&#10;D) Urinary creatinine

Accepted Answer

Urinary excretion of creatinine is related to the skeletal muscle or somatic protein; however, as the value can be affected by the intake of muscle meats, use of this measure is more limited to research. C-reactive protein is used as an indicator of inflammation. Retinol-binding protein may be used as an indicator of protein calorie malnutrition. Urinary methylmalonic acid is a sensitive indicator of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.

Question 4

Which of the following is a measure of glucose control?&#10;A) Highly sensitive C-reactive protein&#10;B) Hemoglobin A1C&#10;C) Homocysteine&#10;D) Apolipoprotein B

Accepted Answer

The percentage of glycosolated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1C) in the blood is directly related to the average blood glucose levels for the preceding 2 to 3 months. Homocysteine and hs-CRP are two inflammatory markers, higher levels of which are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Apolipoprotein B is the part of the protein present in low-density lipoprotein, and it is also associated with increased risk of atherogenesis, possibly through its susceptibility to oxidation by ROS and lipid peroxides.

Question 5

Apolipoprotein B (apoB)&#10;A) is a subparticle of LDL cholesterol.&#10;B) is a subparticle of HDL cholesterol.&#10;C) should be measured as a risk factor for CVD according to ACC/AHA guidelines.&#10;D) is not an independent marker for CVD risk.

Accepted Answer

The new ACC/AHA guidelines deemphasize use of any markers other than LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Emerging risk markers for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) that are not recommended in ATP 4 include differentiating subparticles of LDL by size and grouping by pattern, apolipoprotein B (apoB), and apolipoprotein E (apoE) phenotype. The Cholesterol Expert Panel determined that these markers are not independent markers for risk and do not add to prediction equations.

Question 6

Which nutrient-related disorder is likely to result in a stool test being ordered?&#10;A) Diabetes&#10;B) Anemia&#10;C) Night blindness&#10;D) Cheilosis

Accepted Answer

The fecal occult blood test is routinely ordered for adults older than age 50 years and younger adults with unexplained anemia. The presence of blood may indicate bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract that is causing the anemia.

Question 7

Which indicator of protein status has the longest half-life?&#10;A) Albumin&#10;B) Prealbumin&#10;C) Retinol-binding protein&#10;D) Transferrin

Accepted Answer

Albumin has a half-life of about 3 weeks. Prealbumin has a half-life of 2 days. Retinol-binding protein has a half-life of about 12 hours. Transferrin has a half-life of 8 days.

Question 8

Which of the following manifestations will occur in iron deficiency anemia?&#10;A) Microcytic anemia&#10;B) Macrocytic anemia&#10;C) High reticulocyte count&#10;D) High MCV

Accepted Answer

Microcytic anemia is mostly associated with iron deficiency. Macrocytic anemia, which would be reflected by a high MCV value, is usually caused by either folate or vitamin B₁₂ deficiency. Reticulocytes are large, nucleated, immature red blood cells that are released in small numbers with mature red blood cells. The presence of these may indicate erythropoiesis in response to blood loss, hemolysis, or iron, folate, or vitamin B₁₂therapies.

Question 9

Which of the following is a measure of iron storage?&#10;A) TIBC&#10;B) Serum ferritin&#10;C) Transferrin&#10;D) Hemoglobin

Accepted Answer

Ferritin is the storage protein that sequesters the iron gathered in the liver, spleen, and marrow. Total-iron binding capacity is a direct measure of all proteins available to bind iron dependent on the number of free iron-binding sites on transferrin. Transferrin is the primary blood transport protein of iron. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells and uses iron as a functional component.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a laboratory measure of hydration status?&#10;A) Serum sodium&#10;B) Blood urea nitrogen&#10;C) Serum glucose&#10;D) Urine specific gravity

Accepted Answer

Although high serum glucose levels in people with diabetes mellitus have a dehydrating effect, by itself, it is not a measure of hydration. Glucose, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are all factors in the calculation of serum osmolality. Serum osmolality, serum sodium, BUN, and urine specific gravity are all laboratory values that may be used to assess hydration status.

Question 11

During trauma, what happens to negative acute-phase respondent levels?&#10;A) Blood levels decrease because of decreased synthesis.&#10;B) Blood levels increase because of transport into the vascular space.&#10;C) Blood levels are not altered because of the catabolism of proteins.&#10;D) Blood levels are similar to what they would be during simple starvation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During trauma, what happens to negative acute-phase...

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE about bioelectric impedance analysis?&#10;A) It measures lean body tissue.&#10;B) It is noninvasive and portable.&#10;C) It is not accurate in a dehydrated individual.&#10;D) All of the above.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is TRUE about...

Question 13

Which of the following would be included in a complete blood count?&#10;A) Total cholesterol&#10;B) Mean cell volume&#10;C) Glucose&#10;D) Albumin

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following would be included...

Question 14

Laboratory tests for nutrients&#10;A) are not useful if you have only a single test result.&#10;B) are always best done on whole blood.&#10;C) may indicate deficiency before clinical or anthropometric data does.&#10;D) are currently not well controlled.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Laboratory tests for nutrients&#10;A) are not useful...

Question 15

Which of the following is a positive acute-phase respondent?&#10;A) Interleukin-1&#10;B) Albumin&#10;C) Transthyretin&#10;D) C-reactive protein

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a positive...

Question 16

Which of the following occurs during acute illness or trauma?&#10;A) Negative acute-phase respondents increase.&#10;B) Positive acute-phase respondents decrease.&#10;C) Negative acute-phase respondents decrease.&#10;D) Both positive and negative acute-phase respondents increase.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following occurs during acute...

Question 17

In urinalysis tests, which of the following is expected to appear at some level in normal people?&#10;A) Glucose&#10;B) Ketones&#10;C) Blood&#10;D) Protein

Accepted Answer

The answer of In urinalysis tests, which of the following...

Question 18

Which laboratory value would be added in a comprehensive metabolic panel (compared with a BMP)?&#10;A) Albumin&#10;B) Glucose&#10;C) Blood urea nitrogen&#10;D) White blood cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which laboratory value would be added in...

Question 19

Which of the following deficiencies could cause macrocytic anemia? A) Vitamin B₁₂ B) Vitamin B₆ C) Homocysteine D) Iron

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following deficiencies could cause...

Deck 7: Clinical: Biochemical, Physical, and Functional Assessment