Deck 5: Clinical: Nutritional Genomics

Question 1

Which of the following is a syndrome caused by extra chromosomes?

A) William syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) Angelman syndrome
D) Prader-Willi syndrome

Answer 1

B
Explanation: Down syndrome is also known as trisomy 21 because an extra chromosome 21 is present. William syndrome is a condition resulting from a missing chromosome 7. Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes both involve missing chromosome 15.

Question 2

Within a strand of DNA, which of the following nucleotide base pairing is possible?

A) Adenine-guanine
B) Cytosine-thymine
C) Adenine-uracil
D) Cytosine-guanine

Answer 2

D
Explanation: In DNA, only two potential base pairings are possible: adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine. In RNA, uracil may take the place of thymine to be paired with adenine.

Question 3

In genomics, "SNP" refers to

A) the sequencing of nucleotides to make proteins.
B) a method of extracting a gene from a DNA strand.
C) a variation in a DNA sequence caused by one nucleotide.
D) sex-linked nucleotide penetrance.

Answer 3

C
Explanation: An SNP is a single nucleotide polymorphism, which results from the inclusion or deletion of a single nucleotide, thus affecting promoting a variation in DNA. An SNP can affect the sequencing of proteins by transcribing for a different amino acid in the protein sequence. Sex-linked penetrance of a disease within a population is more associated with chromosomal differences as opposed to individual nucleotides. Restriction endonucleases are the enzymes used to cut DNA to extract a nucleotide sequence.

Question 4

The 677C>T variant of the MTHFR gene may increase the risk of which disease?

A) Wilson disease
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Cancer
D) Cardiovascular disease

Question 5

The purpose of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) is to

A) define genetic testing and genetic information.
B) ban discrimination based on genetic information.
C) ensure the fair and positive use of genetic testing.
D) all of the above.

Question 6

During protein synthesis, when are introns removed?

A) Transcription
B) Posttranscriptional processing
C) Translation
D) Posttranslational processing

Question 7

In protein synthesis, what subcomponent of DNA directs the inclusion of a specific amino acid within the protein?

A) The gene
B) The intron
C) The codon
D) The exon

Question 8

Approximately how many nucleotides make up human DNA?

A) 1 million
B) 2 billion
C) 3 billion
D) 8 billion

Question 9

Which area of study focuses on the identification and understanding of the function of the end products of the genes within the human genome?

A) Nutrigenomics
B) Proteomics
C) Metabolomics
D) Genomics

Question 10

Among which types of inheritance have no nutrition-related disorders been identified?

A) Autosomal recessive
B) X-linked dominant
C) Y-linked
D) X-linked recessive

Question 11

Which of the following is the area of DNA where binding of regulatory proteins signals the start of transcription?

A) Promoter
B) Intervening sequence
C) Response element
D) Transcription factor

Question 12

Which type of disorders are the most common of the mendelian inherited disorders?

A) Autosomal recessive diseases
B) Autosomal dominant diseases
C) X-linked dominant diseases
D) X-linked recessive diseases

Question 13

Nutritional components of food affect genetic expression by acting as ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). Which disease may NOT be positively affected by this nutrigenomic relationship?

A) Type 2 diabetes mellitus
B) Cancer
C) Obesity
D) Atherosclerosis

Question 14

What syndrome results from inheriting two copies of a deletion in chromosome 15 from the father?

A) William syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) Angelman syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome

Question 15

Which of the following may promote a change in a DNA molecule affecting gene expression without changing the nucleotide sequence?

A) Genomic imprinting
B) Mutation
C) SNP
D) Gene variant

Question 16

What is the effect of a silent mutation on DNA?

A) It is harmful to the host.
B) It accumulates additional mutations more quickly than unaffected DNA.
C) It improves certain functions of the DNA.
D) It has no effect on the DNA.

Question 17

What is the term that describes the natural variations in a gene that create no adverse effects on the individual and appear frequently within the population?

A) Autosomal dominant
B) Homozygous
C) Polymorphism
D) Heterozygous

Question 18

What is the term that describes a gene that is present but not expressing a particular phenotype?

A) Pedigree
B) Reduced penetrance
C) Dominance
D) Linkage

Question 19

Phenylketonuria is what type of genetic disorder?

A) Autosomal dominant
B) Autosomal recessive
C) X-linked dominant
D) X-linked recessive

Question 20

In regard to nutritional assessment, which of the following will nutrition professionals need to be able to read to identify a patient's potential susceptibility to diseases?

A) Phenotype
B) Genotype
C) Karyotype
D) Genomic imprint