Question 1

Which of the following lipoproteins is considered to be the most atherogenic?&#10;A) Chylomicrons&#10;B) VLDL&#10;C) LDL&#10;D) HDL

Accepted Answer

Low-density lipoprotein is the primary transporter of cholesterol in the body, and formation of plaques within arterial walls begins with the incorporation of LDL cholesterol that has been taken up by macrophages to become foam cells. Chylomicrons and VLDLs are usually not considered to be atherogenic. IDLs produced from VLDL, however, are atherogenic because they are often repackaged as LDL. HDL reduces the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis.

Question 2

Which of the following lipoproteins is the primary cholesterol carrier in blood?&#10;A) Chylomicrons&#10;B) VLDL&#10;C) LDL&#10;D) HDL

Accepted Answer

LDL is the primary cholesterol carrier in blood, formed by the breakdown of VLDL.

Question 3

Diuretics work to lower blood pressure by&#10;A) promoting vasodilation.&#10;B) inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system.&#10;C) decreasing blood volume.&#10;D) increasing potassium retention.

Accepted Answer

Diuretics lower blood pressure by promoting the excretion of fluid and sodium from the body. Vasodilators are medications that promote an increase in blood vessel diameters. ACE inhibitors are medications that inhibit the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme, an important component in the function of the renin-angiotensin system. Many diuretics promote the excretion of potassium as well as sodium.

Question 4

Which mineral has been shown to improve (lower) blood pressure when consumed in adequate amounts?&#10;A) Calcium&#10;B) Magnesium&#10;C) Potassium&#10;D) Chloride

Accepted Answer

Higher potassium intakes are associated with a decrease in blood pressure in observational studies and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Dairy calcium intake has been associated with lower incidence of stroke, and the JNC 7 report recommends low-fat dairy intake for prevention and management of hypertension. Magnesium is a vasodilator, and observational studies associate higher magnesium intakes with reduced blood pressure; however, clinical trials have reported less consistent findings. Chloride accompanies sodium intake through table salt, and excessive intakes have been associated with hypertension.

Question 5

Which medical procedure used to treat patients with asymptomatic ischemia or angina involves a balloon?&#10;A) Cardiac catheterization&#10;B) Percutaneous coronary intervention&#10;C) Coronary stent&#10;D) CABG

Accepted Answer

PCI was previously known as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and involves the insertion of a catheter with a balloon that is inflated within a partially blocked artery. The inflation of the balloon breaks up the plaque formation and opens up the lumen of the artery. Cardiac catheterization or angiography involves the injection of dye into the arteries to produce radiographic images of the heart. A coronary stent is a wire mesh device inserted into an artery to hold the lumen open. Coronary artery bypass graft involves the surgical placement of an artery onto the heart to redirect blood flow.

Question 6

The MNT for patients with hypertriglyceridemia should include&#10;A) high amounts of carbohydrate.&#10;B) soy protein.&#10;C) monounsaturated fat and omega-3 fat.&#10;D) 1500-mg sodium restriction.

Accepted Answer

Omega-3 fatty acids lower triglycerides by inhibiting VLDL and apo B-100 synthesis. For patients with CVD, the recommendation is 1 g EPA and DHA per day. Studies have also associated lower risk of heart disease when monounsaturated fat, such as that in olive oil and nuts, is substituted for PUFA.

Question 7

CVD is the leading cause of death in the United States in&#10;A) men only.&#10;B) women only.&#10;C) African American women but not White women.&#10;D) men and women.

Accepted Answer

CVD remains the number one killer of both men and women in the United States; one of every 2.9 deaths is attributed to CVD. The incidence of heart disease is 12.1% in Whites older than 18 years of age. In African Americans, the incidence is 10.2% for the same age group.

Question 8

In regard to food labels, what is the definition of &#34;sodium free&#34;?&#10;A) No sodium or sodium chloride at all&#10;B) Less than 1 mg of sodium per serving and no sodium chloride&#10;C) Less than 5 mg of sodium per serving and no sodium chloride&#10;D) Less than 10 mg of sodium per serving and no sodium chloride

Accepted Answer

To meet the labeling guideline for sodium free, a food must contain less than 5 mg of sodium per serving and cannot contain any sodium chloride.

Question 9

Which of the following causes blood pressure to increase?&#10;A) Vasodilation&#10;B) Decreased cardiac output&#10;C) Decreased vascular resistance&#10;D) Increased peripheral resistance

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure is a function of cardiac output multiplied by peripheral resistance. Peripheral or vascular resistance may be increased by the narrowing of the diameter of the blood vessel, either through vasoconstriction or blockage. Cardiac output may increase because of an increase in intravascular blood volume. When either of these occurs, blood pressure increases.

Question 10

Which of the following lipoproteins normally returns most of the cholesterol to the liver for disposal via reverse transport?&#10;A) Chylomicrons&#10;B) VLDL&#10;C) LDL&#10;D) HDL

Accepted Answer

High-density lipoprotein, through the action of apolipoprotein A-I, removes cholesterol from arterial walls and transports it back to the liver. Low-density lipoprotein transports cholesterol from the liver to the cells, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis.

Question 11

Which of the following decreases in congestive heart failure?&#10;A) Beta-natriuretic peptide&#10;B) Ejection fraction&#10;C) Cardiac remodeling&#10;D) Interleukin-1

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following decreases in congestive...

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a proinflammatory marker that increases when endothelial dysfunction leads to unstable plaque formation in atherosclerosis?&#10;A) Interleukin-6&#10;B) Fibrinogen&#10;C) Nitric oxide&#10;D) C-reactive protein

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT a...

Question 13

Which of the following lipoproteins is considered to be triglyceride rich?&#10;A) VLDL&#10;B) IDL&#10;C) LDL&#10;D) HDL

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following lipoproteins is considered...

Question 14

Which class of drugs reduces LDL levels by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol?&#10;A) Bile acid sequestrants&#10;B) Nicotinic acid&#10;C) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors&#10;D) Fibric acid derivatives

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which class of drugs reduces LDL levels...

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT one of the recommendations of the ACC/AHA diet guidelines?&#10;A) Reduction of dietary cholesterol&#10;B) Reduction of saturated fat, especially from red meat&#10;C) Increase in dietary fiber&#10;D) Appropriate calories

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT one...

Question 16

What is the condition in which severe congestive heart failure is characterized by a state of severe malnutrition?&#10;A) Anorexia nervosa&#10;B) Cardiac cachexia&#10;C) Hypoalbuminemia&#10;D) Tissue hypoxia

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the condition in which severe...

Question 17

Which of the following promotes homeostatic control of blood pressure in the short term?&#10;A) Kidney control of fluid levels&#10;B) Sympathetic nervous system secretion of norepinephrine&#10;C) Secretion of renin from the nephrons&#10;D) Activation of the renin-angiotensin system

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following promotes homeostatic control...

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT associated with lowering blood pressure?&#10;A) Hawthorn berry&#10;B) Mint&#10;C) Garlic&#10;D) Coenzyme Q10

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT associated...

Deck 33: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease