Deck 9: From DNA to Protein

Question 1

What process copies a gene into RNA form?  

A) Ribosomal RNA
B) Transcription
C) Promoter
D) Translation
E) Messenger RNA

Answer 1

B

Question 2

During transcription,uracil pairs with _____________.  

A) ribose
B) adenine
C) cytosine
D) thymine
E) guanine

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Molecules that carry out transcription bind to this region of the DNA.  

A) Exon
B) Transcription site
C) Promoter
D) Initiator
E) Ribosome

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The relationship between strands of RNA and DNA during transcription is ______________.  

A) antagonistic
B) opposite
C) complementary
D) an exact duplicate
E) unrelated

Question 5

How many different kinds of naturally occurring amino acids are specified by the genetic code?  

A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 20
E) 28

Question 6

In eukaryotes,all of the different types of RNA are transcribed in the ____________.  

A) mitochondria
B) cytoplasm
C) ribosomes
D) nucleus
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 7

____ carries protein assembly instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.  

A) Template DNA
B) Messenger RNA
C) Transfer RNA
D) Ribosomal RNA
E) Total RNA

Question 8

Which of the following initiates the process of transcription?  

A) RNA polymerase
B) DNA polymerase
C) Helicase
D) Transfer RNA
E) Exons

Question 9

Before messenger RNA is exported from the nucleus,_______________.  

A) all exons are deleted and removed
B) a poly-A tail and modified guanine "cap" are added
C) anticodons are assembled
D) the transfer RNA transfers the messenger RNA to the ribosome
E) the single RNA strand duplicates itself in much the same way as DNA

Question 10

If the DNA sequence is ATG-CGT,the mRNA codons are ____________________.  

A) AUG-CGU
B) ATG-CGT
C) UAC-GCA
D) UAG-CGU
E) GUA-CGU

Question 11

The form of RNA that carries the code from DNA to the site of protein assembly is called __________.  

A) messenger RNA.
B) nuclear RNA.
C) ribosomal RNA.
D) transfer RNA.
E) structural RNA.

Question 12

DNA and RNA are alike in that they _____________.  

A) both have same pentose sugar
B) use the same nitrogenous bases to assemble the genetic code
C) have the same number of strands
D) both contain nucleotides
E) are both made in the cytoplasm

Question 13

How many different kinds of RNA codons encode amino acids?  

A) 3
B) 72
C) 61
D) 64
E) 120

Question 14

Transcription starts at a region of DNA called a(n)_____________.  

A) sequencer
B) promoter
C) activator
D) terminator
E) transcriber

Question 15

In this depiction of transcription (accompanying figure),the ____ strand is ____ because it ____.  

A) upper; RNA; contains guanine
B) upper; RNA; contains uracil
C) lower; RNA; contains thymine
D) upper; RNA; has no uracil
E) lower; DNA; contains adenine

Question 16

The portion of the DNA molecule that is translated is composed of ______________.  

A) introns
B) anticodons
C) exons
D) transcriptions
E) exons and transcriptions

Question 17

Which of the following delivers amino acids to ribosomes,one by one,in the order specified by a messenger RNA?  

A) Transfer RNA
B) Ribosomal RNA
C) RNA polymerase
D) DNA polymerase
E) Gene

Question 18

The genetic code is made up of codons consisting of how many nucleotides?  

A) Two
B) Three
C) Five
D) Six
E) Nine

Question 19

A segment of DNA that specifies a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is called a(n)____________.  

A) codon
B) intron
C) messenger
D) gene
E) enzyme

Question 20

During gene expression,information flows in the following order.  

A) RNA $\rightarrow$ Transcription $\rightarrow$ Proteins
B) DNA $\rightarrow$ Translation $\rightarrow$ RNA
C) Proteins $\rightarrow$ Translation $\rightarrow$ RNA
D) DNA $\rightarrow$ Transcription $\rightarrow$ RNA
E) RNA $\rightarrow$ Transcription $\rightarrow$ DNA

Question 21

In humans with a very mild form of anemia,the hemoglobin molecule is affected by which of the following mutations?  

A) Base-pair substitution
B) Deletion
C) Insertion
D) Frameshift mutation
E) Intron mutation

Question 22

The following questions refer to the codon table above.


-The sequence of amino acids specified by this mRNA (AUGCGUCCA)is ___________________.
 

A) serine $\rightarrow$ histidine $\rightarrow$ lysine
B) methionine $\rightarrow$ arginine $\rightarrow$ proline
C) methionine $\rightarrow$ alanine $\rightarrow$ serine
D) valine $\rightarrow$ arginine $\rightarrow$ leucine
E) valine $\rightarrow$ proline $\rightarrow$ methionine

Question 23

Mutations are ___________________.  

A) random
B) beneficial
C) always lethal
D) always heritable
E) largely predictable

Question 24

The difference between normal and sickle-cell hemoglobin is based upon the __________________.  

A) number of amino acids in the molecule
B) substitution of one amino acid for another
C) number and orientation of the amino acid chains attached to the heme portion of the molecule
D) number of oxygen molecules that can be carried
E) type of bone marrow that produces it

Question 25

A polysome is ______________.  

A) one of the units of a ribosome
B) the nuclear organelle that synthesizes RNA
C) an organelle that functions similarly to a ribosome during meiosis
D) the two units of a ribosome considered together
E) multiple ribosomal units attached to an mRNA strand

Question 26

What carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation?  

A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) DNA
D) rRNA
E) Exons

Question 27

Ribosomal subunits ____________.  

A) come together in threes to form functional units
B) are composed of mRNA and structural proteins
C) are synthesized in the cytoplasm
D) converge with tRNA when mRNA is to be translated
E) are transcribed from the complementary strand of DNA that is used for tRNA transcription

Question 28

Mutation in globin genes cause a condition called ___________,which is marked by the decreased ability of a person's blood to carry oxygen.  

A) thalassemia
B) myeloma
C) aplastic anemia
D) lymphoma
E) anemia

Question 29

During the termination stage ___________.  

A) a start codon enters the ribosome
B) release factors separate the ribosomal subunits
C) mRNA attaches to the ribosome and the polypeptide chain
D) ribosomal subunits join
E) a stop codon enters the ribosome

Question 30

Which of the following occur during initiation?  

A) A tRNA containing the methionine codon and a ribosomal unit converge on an mRNA.
B) A tRNA containing a UAA sequence hybridizes to a complementary mRNA sequence.
C) Peptide bonds form between an amino acid and mRNA.
D) Peptide bonds from between a tRNA an mRNA
E) A tRNA containing a lysine codon attaches to an mRNA.

Question 31

In correct order,the three stages of translation are ___________.  

A) initiation, replication, and termination
B) elongation, peptide bond formation, and codon-anticodon pairing
C) initiation, chain elongation, and termination
D) termination, initiation, and replication
E) initiation, codon-anticodon pairing, and termination

Question 32

The following questions refer to the codon table above.


-If the DNA coding strand reads ATG-CGT-GAC,the amino acid sequence of the resulting polypeptide would be __________.  

A) tyrosine $\rightarrow$ alanine $\rightarrow$ leucine
B) methionine $\rightarrow$ arginine $\rightarrow$ asparagine
C) histidine $\rightarrow$ glycine $\rightarrow$ proline
D) serine $\rightarrow$ lysine $\rightarrow$ glycine
E) serine $\rightarrow$ lysine $\rightarrow$ isoleucine

Question 33

Anticodons pair with _________.  

A) codons on DNA
B) codons on mRNA
C) codons on tRNA
D) codons on rRNA
E) messenger RNA and ribosomal RNA

Question 34

A frameshift mutation results in _______________________.  

A) a normal protein due to the redundancy of the genetic code.
B) errors in DNA replication.
C) errors in DNA splicing.
D) a change in all mRNA codons downstream from the mutation.
E) a change in the third position of one codon.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true?  

A) Gene mutations never occur independently of each other.
B) Gene mutations are very common.
C) Ionizing radiation is caused by chromosomal damage.
D) Mutations are random.
E) The loci of gene mutations can be predicted.

Question 36

Of all the different codons that exist,three of them _____________.
 

A) are involved in mutations
B) give the signal to stop translation
C) cannot be copied
D) do not specify a particular amino acid and are signals to begin translation
E) do not specify a particular amino acid and are signals to terminate translation

Question 37

A gene mutation ______________.  

A) is a temporary change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
B) may be caused by environmental agents
C) always arises spontaneously
D) occurs only in eukaryotes
E) is always damaging to the organism

Question 38

The following questions refer to the codon table above.


-The first amino acid of a new polypeptide chain is _____________.
 

A) alanine
B) cysteine
C) variable
D) phenylalanine
E) methionine

Question 39

The effects of mutation in human somatic cells have a low probability of causing harm because only _______ of human DNA encodes gene products.  

A) greater than 5 percent
B) less than 2 percent
C) less than 4 percent
D) greater than 8 percent
E) greater than 3 percent

Question 40

Which event occurs during the elongation stage?  

A) tRNA transfers mRNA to the ribosomes.
B) Free amino acids bind to the mRNA binding site.
C) Anticodons bind to complementary codons.
D) A stop codon enters the ribosome.
E) rRNA catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds.

Question 41

Choose the best matching element.
a.Results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.Sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.Is bound by a small subunit of a ribosome to begin translation
e.Guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.Polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.Adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.A tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.A set of three nucleotides
Promoters

Question 42

In transcription,RNA polymerase binds to a(n)_____________________ sequence near a gene and then assembles a strand of RNA.

Question 43

A base-pair substitution may alter a protein by changing an amino acid or by introducing a(n)_____________________.

Question 44

Each tRNA has a(n)__________ that base-pairs with a codon,and each binds to the amino acid specified by the codon.

Question 45

Choose the best matching element.
a.Results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.Sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.Is bound by a small subunit of a ribosome to begin translation
e.Guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.Polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.Adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.A tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.A set of three nucleotides
Single base-pair mutation

Question 46

Choose the best matching element.

-Anticodon

A)Results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
B)RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
C)Sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
D)Is bound by a small subunit of a ribosome to begin translation
E)Guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
F)Polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
G)Adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
H)A tRNA triplet opposite a codon
I)A set of three nucleotides

Question 47

Classification. You will need a genetic code table to answer the following. The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately:
a.AUG
b.UAA
c.UUU
d.UUA
e.AAA
A single mutation involving the second letter of codon AUA could convert it to this codon.

Question 48

Choose the best matching element.
a.Results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.Sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.Is bound by a small subunit of a ribosome to begin translation
e.Guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.Polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.Adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.A tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.A set of three nucleotides
Polysome

Question 49

Choose the best matching element.
a.Results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.Sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.Is bound by a small subunit of a ribosome to begin translation
e.Guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.Polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.Adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.A tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.A set of three nucleotides
RNA polymerase

Question 50

Choose the best matching element.
a.Results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.Sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.Is bound by a small subunit of a ribosome to begin translation
e.Guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.Polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.Adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.A tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.A set of three nucleotides
Translation

Question 51

Choose the best matching element.
a.Results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.Sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.Is bound by a small subunit of a ribosome to begin translation
e.Guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.Polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.Adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.A tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.A set of three nucleotides
transcription

Question 52

Genetic information carried by a(n)_____________________ directs the synthesis of a(n)_____________________ chain during translation.

Question 53

Classification. You will need a genetic code table to answer the following. The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately:
a.AUG
b.UAA
c.UUU
d.UUA
e.AAA
The anticodon AAA pairs with this codon.

Question 54

Classification. You will need a genetic code table to answer the following. The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately:
a.AUG
b.UAA
c.UUU
d.UUA
e.AAA
This codon terminates a coding region.

Question 55

Choose the best matching element.
a.Results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.Sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.Is bound by a small subunit of a ribosome to begin translation
e.Guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.Polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.Adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.A tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.A set of three nucleotides
Messenger RNA

Question 56

The process of gene expression includes two steps: ____________________ and ____________________.

Question 57

Classification. You will need a genetic code table to answer the following. The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately:
a.AUG
b.UAA
c.UUU
d.UUA
e.AAA
This codon codes for an amino acid and indicates the beginning of a coding region.

Question 58

Classification. You will need a genetic code table to answer the following. The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately:
a.AUG
b.UAA
c.UUU
d.UUA
e.AAA
A DNA codon of ATT is complementary to this RNA codon.

Question 59

Gene _____________________ requires the participation of mRNA,tRNA,and _____________________.

Question 60

Choose the best matching element.
a.Results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.Sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.Is bound by a small subunit of a ribosome to begin translation
e.Guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.Polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.Adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.A tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.A set of three nucleotides
Codon

Question 61

Beta thalassemia anemia is caused by what type of mutation in the globin gene?  

A) Base-pair substitution
B) Deletion
C) Insertion
D) Dimerization
E) Promoter interference

Question 62

Which of the following post-transcriptional modifications allow multiple forms of protein products from the same gene sequence?  

A) phosphorylation
B) methylation
C) alternative splicing
D) poly-A tail
E) 5' nucleotide cap

Question 63

The following components are shared by DNA and RNA nucleotides except:  

A) adenine
B) cytosine
C) guanine
D) uracil
E) triphosphate

Question 64

Which of the following is true about the genetic code?  

A) All organisms use essentially the same genetic code.
B) The codon signaling the end of transcription also codes for an amino acid.
C) There are multiple codons signaling the start of transcription.
D) Each amino acid is specified by only one codon.
E) A codon is three to six bases long.