Deck 10: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Which of the following statements are true of cortisol? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)It is secreted by the adrenal medulla.
B)It limits the damage that the process of inflammation can cause.
C)Hunger or physical injury will increase secretion of cortisol.
D)It stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.
E)It stimulates protein synthesis in muscles for "fight or flight."
F)It helps raise blood pressure and lower heart rate.

Answer 1

It limits the damage that the process of inflammation can cause.
Hunger or physical injury will increase secretion of cortisol.

Question 2

Which of the following statements are true of the development of egg and sperm? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Both FSH and estrogen are necessary for the development of an ovum.
B)Both FSH and testosterone are necessary for the development of sperm.
C)Egg cells develop in the ovarian tubules.
D)Sperm develop in the testicular follicles.
E)LH contributes to sperm formation because it stimulates the secretion of testosteronE
F)LH contributes to egg formation because it stimulates the secretion of estrogen.

Answer 2

Both FSH and estrogen are necessary for the development of an ovum.
Both FSH and testosterone are necessary for the development of sperm.
LH contributes to sperm formation because it stimulates the secretion of testosteronE

Question 3

Which of the following statements are true of hormone effects on the uterus? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)FSH from the anterior pituitary initiates growth of the endometrium.
B)Estrogen from the ovaries stimulates growth of the endometrium.
C)Progesterone from the developing ovarian follicle stimulates growth of the endometrium.
D)Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary stimulates contraction of the endometrium at the end of pregnancy.
E)LH from the anterior pituitary stimulates growth of the myometrium at puberty.
F)During pregnancy, premature contractions of the myometrium are inhibited by progesterone.

Answer 3

Estrogen from the ovaries stimulates growth of the endometrium.
During pregnancy, premature contractions of the myometrium are inhibited by progesterone.

Question 4

Hormones exert their effects only on cells that have ____ for the hormone on the cell membrane or in the cytoplasm.

A)receptors
B)genes
C)DNA molecules
D)effectors

Question 5

Which of the following statements are true of feedback mechanisms? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)
A.A feedback mechanism is called positive if it has a good effect within the body.
B.A feedback mechanism is called negative if it has the potential to become a vicious cycle.
C)A positive feedback mechanism contains its own brake.
D)A negative feedback mechanism requires an external brake.
E)For the secretion of hormones, positive feedback mechanisms are more common than negative ones because they work faster.
F.In stressful situations, positive feedback mechanisms become negative ones.
G.None are correct.

Question 6

In the two-messenger mechanism of the action of protein hormones, the first messenger is the ____, which must bond to a ____ on the cell membranE.

A)receptor/cyclic AMP
B)hormone/receptor
C)receptor/hormone
D)hormone/cyclic AMP

Question 7

Which of the following statements are true of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Both of these hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the anterior pituitary gland.
B)ADH may also be called vasopressin because in large amounts it causes vasoconstriction.
C)Oxytocin inhibits contractions of the uterus to prevent premature labor.
D)After birth, oxytocin causes release of milk from the mammary glands.
E)ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water to increase urinary output.
F)The stimulus for secretion of ADH is any decrease in body water.

Question 8

Which of the following statements are true of thyroxine (and T₃) and growth hormone (GH)? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Thyroxine contains iodine and GH contains iron.
B)Thyroxine increases the use of all food types for energy.
C)GH increases the use of amino acids to produce energy.
D)Both hormones increase the rate of mitosis in growing tissues.
E)Both hormones increase the rate of protein synthesis in cells.
F)Thyroxine is secreted throughout life, but GH is secreted only when the body is growing in height.

Question 9

Which of the following statements are true of insulin and glucagon? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Insulin is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells, and glucagon is secreted by pancreatic beta cells.
B)Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose.
C)Insulin lowers the blood glucose level.
D)Glucagon increases the use of fats and excess amino acids for energy production between meals.
E)Insulin increases the use of fatty acids and amino acids for the synthesis of fats and proteins.
F)Negative feedback mechanisms regulate the secretion of both hormones, and they are considered synergists.

Question 10

A positive feedback mechanism:

A)always involves three or more hormones
B)contains its own brake or shutoff mechanism
C)requires an external brake to slow it
D)always involves the hypothalamus

Question 11

Which of the following statements are true of epinephrine and norepinephrine? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Epinephrine increases heart rate and norepinephrine decreases heart rate.
B)Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction in the skin and viscera.
C)Epinephrine mimics the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.
D)The major effect of norepinephrine is to raise blood pressure.
E)Epinephrine stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen by the liver.
F)Both hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
G)Both hormones are secreted in stressful situations.
H)Epinephrine causes the bronchioles to dilate.

Question 12

In the two-messenger mechanism of the action of protein hormones, the second messenger is ____, which activates specific ____ in a cell to bring about the cell's response to the hormonE.

A)cyclic AMP/receptors
B)an enzyme/cyclic AMP molecules
C)cyclic AMP/enzymes
D)a receptor/enzymes

Question 13

Which statement describes a negative feedback mechanism?

A)The effects of a hormone increase the stimulus for secretion of that hormone.
B)The effects of a hormone decrease the stimulus for secretion of that hormone.
C)The hormone itself is the stimulus for secretion of the hormone.
D)The hormone stimulates secretion of another hormone with the opposite function.

Question 14

A negative feedback mechanism:

A)always involves three or more hormones
B)contains its own brake or shutoff mechanism
C)requires an external brake to slow it
D)always involves the hypothalamus

Question 15

When the effects of a hormone decrease the stimulus for secretion of that hormone, this sequence of events is called a:

A)positive feedback mechanism
B)negative feedback mechanism
C)stimulus-response mechanism
D)releasing-hormone mechanism

Question 16

Which of the following statements are true of the gonadotropic hormones? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)In women, FSH initiates the growth of ovarian follicles.
B)In men, FSH initiates production of sperm cells.
C)In women, LH inhibits FSH to prevent multiple births.
D)In men, LH stimulates secretion of testosterone by interstitial cells.
E)In women, FSH stimulates ovulation, the release of a mature ovum.
F)In women, LH causes a ruptured ovarian follicle to become the corpus luteum.

Question 17

Which of the following statements are true of prostaglandins? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)They are made from the proteins of cell membranes.
B)Like hormones, they are carried in the blood to distant target organs.
C)Some are important for the process of blood clotting.
D)Some are important in pain mechanisms.

Question 18

Which of the following statements are true of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Both hormones are secreted by the parathyroid glands.
B)PTH increases the storage of calcium in bones.
C)Calcitonin increases the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys.
D)PTH stimulates the activation of vitamin C by the kidneys.
E)PTH increases the absorption of calcium from food in the small intestinE
F)Calcitonin is secreted when the blood calcium level decreases.

Question 19

Which of the following statements are true of the stimuli for secretion of hormones? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Hyperglycemia stimulates secretion of insulin.
B)Hypocalcemia stimulates secretion of PTh.
C)Decreased sodium in the body stimulates secretion of aldosterone.
D)ACTH stimulates secretion of cortisol.
E)Increased metabolic rate stimulates secretion of thyroxinE
F)Hypoglycemia stimulates secretion of glucagon.
G)Hypercalcemia stimulates secretion of calcitonin.
H)Sympathetic impulses stimulate secretion of epinephrine.

Question 20

Which of the following statements are true of aldosterone? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)It is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
B)It increases the reabsorption of K⁺ ions by the kidneys.
C)It increases the excretion of Na⁺ ions by the kidneys.
D)Normal secretion helps maintain normal blood volume because water is reabsorbed by the kidneys.
E)In the absence of aldosterone, blood pressure will rise to dangerous levels.
F)Normal secretion helps prevent blood pH from rising too high.

Question 21

The hormone that initiates sperm production in the testes is:

A)FSH
B)LH
C)ACTH
D)GH

Question 22

Steroid hormones are believed to exert their effects on cells by activating certain ____ within a cell.

A)cyclic AMP molecules
B)other hormones
C)RNA molecules
D)genes

Question 23

Decreased secretion of ADH will have this effect on urinary output:

A)increase it
B)decrease it
C)decrease then increase it
D)no effect

Question 24

Protein hormones are believed to exert their effects by activating certain ____ within a cell.

A)other hormones
B)enzymes
C)RNA molecules
D)genes

Question 25

Oxytocin and ADH are both secreted by the:

A)ovaries
B)anterior pituitary gland
C)posterior pituitary gland
D)adrenal glands

Question 26

The hormone that directly increases the reabsorption of water by the kidneys is:

A)ADH
B)aldosterone
C)PTH
D)epinephrine

Question 27

Increased secretion of ADH will have this effect on urinary output:

A)increase it
B)decrease it
C)increase then decrease it
D)no effect

Question 28

In men, the function of FSH is to:

A)decrease secretion of testosterone
B)initiate sperm production in the testes
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and increase secretion of GnRH

Question 29

The hormone that causes release of milk from the mammary glands is:

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)oxytocin
D)prolactin

Question 30

The effect of oxytocin on the uterus is to:

A)contribute to the growth of the placenta
B)help increase circulation in the fetus
C)prevent contractions before the end of gestation
D)cause contractions for delivery

Question 31

The hormone that causes strong contractions of the uterus for delivery of a baby is:

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)oxytocin
D)prolactin

Question 32

Which endocrine gland is NOT paired with its correct location?

A)ovaries - on either side of the uterus
B)testes - in the scrotum between the upper thighs
C)pancreas - between the duodenum and the spleen
D)adrenal glands - one below each kidney

Question 33

A stimulus for secretion of ADH is:

A)water loss in extreme sweating
B)severe hemorrhage
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and severe diarrhea

Question 34

Which endocrine gland is NOT paired with its correct location?

A)parathyroid glands - on the back of the thyroid
B)anterior pituitary gland - below the hypothalamus
C)posterior pituitary gland - below the hypothalamus
D)thyroid gland - above the larynx on the back of the trachea

Question 35

The function of ADH is to:

A)increase the reabsorption of water by the kidneys
B)increase the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys
C)decrease the reabsorption of water by the kidneys
D)decrease the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys

Question 36

The hormone that stimulates secretion of testosterone by the testes is:

A)ACTH
B)FSH
C)LH
D)GH

Question 37

The effect of oxytocin on the mammary glands is to:

A)increase the production of milk
B)decrease the production of milk
C)decrease the release of milk
D)increase the release of milk

Question 38

Which statement is NOT true of ADH?

A)It is released from the posterior pituitary gland.
B)It increases the reabsorption of water by the kidneys.
C)Its action increases urinary output.
D)Its action increases blood volume.

Question 39

In men, the hormone ____ initiates sperm production in the testes, and ____ stimulates secretion of testosteronE.

A)testosterone/LH
B)LH/FSH
C)testosterone/FSH
D)FSH/LH

Question 40

Which statement is NOT true of oxytocin?

A)It is released from the posterior pituitary gland.
B)It causes contractions of the uterus.
C)It stimulates milk production in the mammary glands.
D)It is secreted during labor and when a mother is nursing an infant.

Question 41

The hormone that increases milk production is:

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)prolactin
D)oxytocin

Question 42

Which of these hormones is NOT regulated by a hormone from the anterior pituitary gland?

A)thyroxine
B)cortisol
C)testosterone
D)epinephrine

Question 43

Which of these hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A)TSH
B)PTH
C)ACTH
D)GH

Question 44

Which of these is NOT a target organ of PTH?

A)small intestine
B)Kidneys
C)Bones
D)Liver

Question 45

The hormone that increases the blood calcium level is:

A)thyroxine
B)PTH
C)calcitonin
D)insulin

Question 46

In women, the function of LH is to:

A)increase secretion of progesterone in the ovary
B)cause ovulation
C)both A and B
D)neither A nor B

Question 47

The hormone that causes ovulation is:

A)GH
B)LH
C)FSH
D)ACTH

Question 48

The hormone that initiates development of egg cells in the ovaries is:

A)LH
B)FSH
C)ACTH
D)GH

Question 49

The secretion of the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by ____ that are produced by the ____.

A)enzymes/posterior pituitary gland
B)releasing hormones/hypothalamus
C)enzymes/hypothalamus
D)releasing hormones/posterior pituitary gland

Question 50

Which anterior pituitary hormone is NOT paired with its correct function?

A)prolactin - increases milk production
B)TSH - stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine
C)GH - increases mitosis in growing organs
D)ACTH - stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine

Question 51

Which of these is a target organ of calcitonin?

A)small intestine
B)kidneys
C)bones
D)liver

Question 52

The hormone that stimulates secretion of thyroxine is:

A)TSH
B)ACTH
C)prolactin
D)GH

Question 53

The function of calcitonin is to:

A)decrease the reabsorption of calcium from bones
B)increase the absorption of calcium by the small intestine
C)decrease the absorption of calcium by the small intestine
D)increase the reabsorption of calcium from bones

Question 54

The hormone ____ increases blood calcium level, and ____ decreases the blood calcium level.

A)calcitonin/ACTH
B)PTH/ACTH
C)ACTH/calcitonin
D)PTH/calcitonin

Question 55

Which of these is NOT a function of PTH?

A)increasing the absorption of calcium by the small intestine
B)increasing the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
C)increasing the reabsorption of calcium from bones
D)decreasing the reabsorption of calcium from bones

Question 56

In men, the function of LH is to:

A)increase secretion of testosterone
B)stimulate sperm production in the testes
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and increase secretion of GnRH

Question 57

Which anterior pituitary hormone is NOT paired with its correct function?

A)LH - stimulates the ovaries to secrete estrogen
B)FSH - stimulates the development of egg cells in the ovaries
C)LH - stimulates ovulation of a mature egg
D)FSH - initiates sperm production in the testes

Question 58

In women, the function of FSH is to:

A)initiate development of egg cells in the ovaries
B)increase the secretion of estrogen
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and increase the secretion of GnRH

Question 59

The hormone that decreases the blood calcium level is:

A)thyroxine
B)PTH
C)calcitonin
D)insulin

Question 60

The hormone that stimulates secretion of cortisol is:

A)TSH
B)ACTH
C)prolactin
D)GH

Question 61

The hormone that decreases the blood glucose level, for instance, after a meal, is:

A)aldosterone
B)insulin
C)glucagon
D)epinephrine

Question 62

Which statement is NOT true of the anti-inflammatory effect of cortisol?

A)It prevents rupture of the lysosomes within cells.
B)It blocks the effects of histamine.
C)It increases the extent of inflammation to destroy pathogens.
D)It decreases the extent of inflammation to prevent excessive tissue damage.

Question 63

The hormone that increases the absorption of sodium ions by the kidneys is:

A)aldosterone
B)ADH
C)calcitonin
D)PTH

Question 64

The hormone that increases the conversion of glucose to glycogen by the liver is:

A)glucagon
B)thyroxine
C)GH
D)insulin

Question 65

Glucagon is produced by the ____ and ____ the blood glucose level.

A)beta cells of the pancreas/lowers
B)alpha cells of the pancreas/lowers
C)beta cells of the pancreas/raises
D)alpha cells of the pancreas/raises

Question 66

The function of aldosterone is to increase the reabsorption of ____ ions and excretion of ____ ions by the kidneys.

A)potassium/sodium
B)calcium/potassium
C)sodium/potassium
D)calcium/sodium

Question 67

Which statement is NOT true of calcitonin and PTH?

A)PTH is produced by the parathyroid glands.
B)Calcitonin is produced by the pituitary glanD.
C)Calcitonin helps keep calcium in bones.
D)PTH raises the blood calcium level.

Question 68

The hormone that increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose by the liver is:

A)glucagon
B)thyroxine
C)GH
D)insulin

Question 69

Which statement is NOT true of the pancreas?

A)The endocrine portions are islets of Langerhans.
B)The beta cells secrete insulin.
C)The pancreas is also an exocrine gland.
D)The delta cells secrete glucagon.

Question 70

Which statement is NOT true of the functions of insulin and glucagon?

A)Insulin enables cells to take in glucose from the blood to use for energy production.
B)Glucagon increases the conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates to be used for energy production.
C)Insulin enables cells to take in fatty acids and amino acids for synthesis reactions.
D)Glucagon decreases the use of fats for energy, since this is not important between meals.

Question 71

The hormone that increases the blood glucose level, for instance, between meals, is:

A)aldosterone
B)insulin
C)glucagon
D)norepinephrine

Question 72

The hormone that increases the excretion of potassium ions by the kidneys is:

A)ADH
B)PTH
C)cortisol
D)aldosterone

Question 73

The hormone that has an anti-inflammatory effect is:

A)glucagon
B)cortisol
C)thyroxine
D)insulin

Question 74

Which of these is NOT a result of the function of aldosterone?

A)Blood volume is maintained at a normal level.
B)Blood calcium is kept within normal limits.
C)Blood pressure is maintained at a normal level.
D)Blood pH is kept within normal limits.

Question 75

Which statement is NOT true of the hormone cortisol?

A)It is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
B)It has an inflammatory effect.
C)It spares glucose for use by the brain.
D)It increases the use of fats and amino acids for energy production.

Question 76

Insulin is produced by the ____ and ____ the blood glucose level.

A)beta cells of the pancreas/lowers
B)alpha cells of the pancreas/lowers
C)beta cells of the pancreas/raises
D)alpha cells of the pancreas/raises

Question 77

The hormone cortisol is produced by the:

A)adrenal cortex
B)adrenal medulla
C)pancreas
D)thyroid gland

Question 78

The hormone that increases the use of fats and amino acids for energy production and spares glucose for use by the brain is:

A)insulin
B)aldosterone
C)GH
D)cortisol

Question 79

The hormone that enables cells to take in glucose to use for energy production is:

A)insulin
B)cortisol
C)glucagon
D)GH

Question 80

The hormone aldosterone is secreted by the ____, and its target organs are the ____.

A)adrenal cortex/blood vessels
B)adrenal medulla/blood vessels
C)adrenal medulla/kidneys
D)adrenal cortex/kidneys