Deck 3: Sentencing: to Punish or to Reform

Question 1

Francis T. Cullen and Paul Gendreau have called for:

A) a strong just deserts model.
B) a strong deterrence model.
C) a strong rehabilitation model.
D) a strong retribution model.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A sentencing goal that involves retaliation against a criminal perpetrator is called:

A) deterrence.
B) incapacitation.
C) rehabilitation.
D) retribution.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The process of making an offender a productive member of the community is called:

A) retribution.
B) reintegration.
C) just deserts.
D) incapacitation.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The concept of just deserts de-emphasizes the emotional component of revenge by claiming that criminal acts are _____ of punishment.

A) considerate
B) artifacts
C) precursors
D) deserving

Question 5

The use of individual punishment to dissuade others from committing crimes is called:

A) rehabilitation.
B) incapacitation.
C) retribution.
D) general deterrence.

Question 6

The process of returning all those involved in or affected by crime, including victims, offenders, and society, to their previous condition is called:

A) rehabilitation.
B) incapacitation.
C) restoration.
D) universal deterrence.

Question 7

The concepts of retribution and just deserts are:

A) future oriented.
B) present oriented.
C) past oriented.
D) none of these.

Question 8

The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce an offender's capability to commit future crimes is called:

A) rehabilitation.
B) incapacitation.
C) specific deterrence.
D) general deterrence.

Question 9

Punishment as vengeance is also called:

A) revenge.
B) incapacitation.
C) rehabilitation.
D) restitution.

Question 10

The discouragement or prevention of crimes through the fear of punishment is called:

A) deterrence.
B) incapacitation.
C) rehabilitation.
D) just deserts.

Question 11

The process of changing criminal lifestyles into law-abiding ones by "correcting" the behavior of offenders through treatment, education, and training is called:

A) rehabilitation.
B) incapacitation.
C) specific deterrence.
D) general deterrence.

Question 12

Which of the following punishment philosophies considers criminal offenders to be morally blameworthy and deserving of punishment?

A) Deterrence
B) Incapacitation
C) Rehabilitation
D) Just deserts

Question 13

A punishment must be _____ in order to serve as effective deterrence.

A) swift
B) certain
C) severe
D) all of these

Question 14

If you punish a person seeking to change that person's behavior, it is called:

A) general deterrence.
B) incapacitation.
C) specific deterrence.
D) universal deterrence.

Question 15

Which of the following philosophies of punishment would be most likely to allow victim-impact statements?

A) Rehabilitation
B) Incapacitation
C) Specific deterrence
D) Restorative justice

Question 16

The expression "an eye for an eye" refers to:

A) retribution.
B) incapacitation.
C) rehabilitation.
D) deterrence.

Question 17

According to Cullen and Gendreau, rehabilitation:

A) works very well only with murderers.
B) fails when it's ill-conceived and/or not implemented as designed.
C) works well in treatment centers but not in prison.
D) produces few real changes in offender attitudes.

Question 18

Restorative justice is especially concerned with repairing the harm to :

A) the offender's family.
B) the offender.
C) the victim.
D) none of these.

Question 19

The idea that actions are motivated primarily by a desire to experience pleasure and avoid pain is called:

A) the happiness principle.
B) the pleasure-pain principle.
C) the satisfaction principle.
D) profit motive.

Question 20

_____ means "paying back" the offender for what he or she has done.

A) Deterrence
B) Retribution
C) Rehabilitation
D) Incapacitation

Question 21

The control of offenders in the community under strict conditions, by means of frequent reporting to a probation officer whose caseload is generally limited to 30 offenders, is called _____.

A) mandatory minimum sentencing
B) truth-in-sentencing
C) intensive supervision probation
D) remote-location monitoring

Question 22

The number of days or months prison authorities deduct from a sentence for good behavior is called:

A) free days.
B) out days.
C) good time.
D) free time.

Question 23

Punishment as vengeance is also called revenge.

Question 24

Sentences that are required by law under certain circumstances are referred to as:

A) indeterminate sentences.
B) indefinite sentences.
C) mandatory sentences.
D) flat sentences.

Question 25

When a judge delays a defendant's serving of a sentence after he or she has been convicted or found guilty in order to allow the defendant to perform a period of community supervision, it is referred to as a(n) _____.

A) straight sentence
B) suspended sentence
C) sentencing enhancement
D) intermediate sanction

Question 26

Payments made by a criminal offender to his or her victim as compensation for the harm caused by the offense are called:

A) bail.
B) bonds.
C) fines.
D) restitution.

Question 27

The imposition of sentences required by statute for those convicted of a particular crime or a particular crime with special circumstances is called:

A) voluntary sentencing.
B) indeterminate sentencing.
C) presumptive sentencing.
D) mandatory minimum sentencing.

Question 28

A sentence that specifies a given amount of time to be served in custody and allows little or no variation from the time specified is called a(n):

A) indeterminate sentence.
B) indefinite sentence.
C) mandatory sentence.
D) flat sentence.

Question 29

Statutes that impose mandatory prison sentences, generally a life sentence, on those convicted of an offense if they have been previously convicted of two prior serious criminal offenses are called _____.

A) three-strikes laws
B) sentencing enhancements
C) sentencing commissions
D) intermediate sanctions

Question 30

Sentences that judges are expected to follow unless they document reasons for departing from the guidelines are known as _____.

A) mandatory sentences
B) presumptive sentences
C) indeterminate sentences
D) flat sentences

Question 31

The expression "an eye for an eye" refers to deterrence.

Question 32

A sentence in which a judge specifies a maximum length and a minimum length and an administrative agency determines the actual time of release is called a(n) _____.

A) indeterminate sentence
B) mandatory sentence
C) flat sentence
D) presumptive sentence

Question 33

Sentences served one after the other are called:

A) consecutive sentences.
B) concurrent sentences.
C) repeat time.
D) flat time.

Question 34

Sentences that are served together are called:

A) consecutive sentences.
B) concurrent sentences.
C) flat sentences.
D) unconstitutional sentences.

Question 35

A sentencing goal that involves retaliation against a criminal perpetrator is called rehabilitation.

Question 36

A sentence with a fixed term of incarceration that can be reduced by good time is called a(n):

A) indeterminate sentence.
B) mandatory sentence.
C) determinate sentence.
D) presumptive sentence.

Question 37

A sentence of exactly five years in prison is an example of a(n):

A) indeterminate sentence.
B) mandatory sentence.
C) flat sentence.
D) presumptive sentence.

Question 38

The _____ is a law that allows a person's criminal history to be considered at sentencing or makes it possible for a person convicted of a given offense and previously convicted of another specified offense to receive a more severe penalty than that for the current offense alone.

A) Fair Sentencing Clarification Act (FSCA)
B) Federal Fair Sentencing Act (FSA)
C) Determinate sentencing law (DSL)
D) Habitual offender statute

Question 39

Legislatively approved provisions that mandate longer prison terms for specific criminal offenses committed under certain circumstances are called _____.

A) presumptive sentences
B) judicial sentences
C) sentencing enhancements
D) intermediate sanctions

Question 40

When a person is convicted of multiple offenses, a judge might impose a sentence of 10 years for one offense and 20 years for the other offense, so the offender would serve 30 years. This type of sentencing is called:

A) just deserts sentencing.
B) consecutive sentencing.
C) concurrent sentencing.
D) real-time sentencing.

Question 41

Andrew von Hirsch is famous for his belief in rehabilitation.

Question 42

Retribution literally means "paying back" the offender for what he or she has done.

Question 43

The idea that actions are motivated primarily by a desire to experience pleasure and avoid pain is called general deterrence.

Question 44

The concepts of retribution and just deserts are future oriented.

Question 45

The philosophy of deterrence holds that offenders are morally blameworthy.

Question 46

The use of individual punishment to dissuade others from committing crimes is called general deterrence.

Question 47

The Charles Colson Task Force on Federal Corrections recommended that, at sentencing, the federal system should reserve prison beds for those convicted of the most serious federal crimes.

Question 48

The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 increased the disparity in sentencing between crack and powder cocaine offenses.

Question 49

If you punish a person seeking to change that person's behavior, it is called specific deterrence.

Question 50

The Charles Colson Task Force on Federal Corrections found that punitive mandatory minimum sentences for burglary represent "the primary driver" of prison overcrowding.

Question 51

Fines are paid to the victim, and restitution is usually paid to the government.

Question 52

Restorative justice is especially concerned with repairing the harm to the offender.

Question 53

Punishment as vengeance is also called _____.

Question 54

The expression "an eye for an eye" refers to the goal of criminal sentencing called _____.

Question 55

The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce an offender's capability to commit future crimes is called incapacitation.

Question 56

Criminals are incarcerated to teach them the consequences of their actions, not to bring them under such an environment where they are not able to engage in crime.

Question 57

The discouragement or prevention of crimes through the fear of punishment is called just deserts.

Question 58

According to the text, for punishment to be effective as a deterrent, it must be swift, certain, and severe.

Question 59

Like a suspended sentence, a deferred sentence remains on a defendant's criminal record permanently.

Question 60

A sentencing goal that involves retaliation against a criminal perpetrator is called _____.

Question 61

Restorative justice is especially concerned with repairing the harm to the _____.

Question 62

Francis T. Cullen and Paul Gendreau have called for _____.

Question 63

The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce an offender's capability to commit future crimes is called _____.

Question 64

The conditional release of a prisoner, prior to completion of the imposed sentence, under the supervision of a parole officer is called _____.

Question 65

The idea that actions are motivated primarily by a desire to experience pleasure and avoid pain is called _____.

Question 66

_____ literally means "paying back" the offender for what he or she has done.

Question 67

Robert Martinson evaluated rehabilitation programs nationwide and concluded that _____.

Question 68

Payments made by a criminal offender to his or her victim as compensation for the harm caused by the offense are called _____.

Question 69

The use of individual punishment to dissuade others from committing crimes is called _____.

Question 70

The process of changing criminal lifestyles into law-abiding ones by "correcting" the behavior of offenders through treatment, education, and training is called _____.

Question 71

The concept of just deserts de-emphasizes the _____ component of revenge.

Question 72

Sentences that are required by law under certain circumstances are referred to as _____.

Question 73

According to the text, for punishment to be effective as a deterrent, it must be _____, _____, and _____.

Question 74

The punishment philosophy that holds that criminal offenders are morally blameworthy and deserving of punishment is called _____.

Question 75

The discouragement or prevention of crimes through the fear of punishment is called _____.

Question 76

The process of returning to their previous condition all those involved in or affected by crime, including victims, offenders, and society, is called _____.

Question 77

If you punish a person seeking to change that person's behavior, it is called _____.

Question 78

New punishment options developed to fill the gap between traditional probation and traditional jail or prison sentences and to better match the severity of punishment to the seriousness of the crime are known as _____.

Question 79

The process of making an offender a productive member of the community is called _____.

Question 80

The concept of deterrence is _____ oriented.