Deck 4: Probation: How Most Offenders Are Punished

Question 1

_____ needs are characteristics, traits, problems, or issues of an individual that directly relate to the individual's likelihood to commit another crime.

A) Criminogenic
B) Esteem
C) Social
D) Cognitive

Answer 1

A

Question 2

_____ is the most frequently used form of criminal punishment.

A) Incarceration
B) Probation
C) Restitution
D) Retribution

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The "founder of probation" was a shoemaker in the city of _____.

A) New York
B) Boston
C) Philadelphia
D) London

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The National Probation Act of 1925 authorized:

A) the appellate courts to handle routine appeals from the district and circuit courts.
B) each federal district court to appoint one salaried probation officer with a fixed annual income.
C) appellants to file petitions for writs of Certiorari so that the Supreme Court could select their cases.
D) the creation of three new circuit judgeships for the six new circuit courts.

Question 5

A sentence of probation allows an offender to remain in the community for _____.

A) reintegration
B) recidivism
C) retribution
D) institutionalization

Question 6

A written document that describes the losses, suffering, and trauma experienced by a crime victim or by the victim's survivors is called a _____.

A) power of attorney
B) plea for mercy
C) victim opinion statement
D) victim-impact statement

Question 7

The first and most important purpose of a presentence report (PSR) is to:

A) impose a sentence when an impending trial is postponed.
B) describe the losses, suffering, and trauma experienced by a crime victim.
C) assist the court in reaching a fair sentencing decision.
D) list the technical violations, committed by a probationer, that trigger revocation.

Question 8

Probation is premised on the belief that _____.

A) offenders have rights deserving of protection
B) human beings are incapable of change
C) incarceration is invariably productive
D) community service programs are ineffective

Question 9

Probation subscribes to the principle of intervening in an offender's life _____.

A) to the greatest extent possible
B) only to the extent necessary
C) only if the offender has committed a violent offense
D) to prevent reintegration into the community

Question 10

Which of the following is a reason why probation is conditional?

A) It permits the offender to remain in the community for reintegration.
B) It can be revoked if certain conditions are not met.
C) It avoids prison institutionalization and the stigma of incarceration.
D) It is as effective as incarceration in reducing future criminal activity.

Question 11

The National Probation Act was signed by President _____.

A) Theodore Roosevelt
B) Grover Cleveland
C) Calvin Coolidge
D) William McKinley

Question 12

Presentence reports are prepared by _____.

A) judges
B) police officers
C) probation officers
D) psychologists

Question 13

_____ was the "founder of probation."

A) John Augustus
B) John Howard
C) Sanford Bates
D) Peter Oxenbridge Thatcher

Question 14

The state of _____ was the first state to pass a statute authorizing probation.

A) New York
B) Massachusetts
C) Pennsylvania
D) New Jersey

Question 15

The repetition of criminal behavior, generally defined as rearrest, is called _____.

A) counter performance
B) technical violation
C) new offense violation
D) recidivism

Question 16

Which of the following states has the largest adult probation population?

A) Nevada
B) New Hampshire
C) North Dakota
D) Georgia

Question 17

The second purpose of a presentence report is to:

A) prepare an offender to adapt to the norms and culture of institutional living.
B) brief the family members about the offender's counseling treatment.
C) impose a sentence when an impending trial is postponed.
D) outline a treatment plan for the offender.

Question 18

In Missouri, a presentence report is called a _____.

A) victim-impact statement
B) sentence assessment report
C) violation report
D) psychological review

Question 19

The conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under supervision is called _____.

A) probation
B) arraignment
C) diversion
D) adjudication

Question 20

Probation is fair and appropriate sentencing for offenders whose crimes do not merit _____.

A) incarceration
B) community service
C) parole
D) truth-in-sentencing

Question 21

The agencies that administer probation have steadily shifted the costs of probation to those accused and convicted of breaking the law.

Question 22

Presentence reports are used by judges in reaching fair sentencing decisions.

Question 23

_____ means making probationers accountable for their behavior and making sure they understand the consequences of violating the conditions of probation.

A) Resource mediation
B) Enforcement
C) Surveillance
D) Case investigation

Question 24

A due process hearing that must be conducted to determine whether the conditions of probation have been violated is called a(n) _____ hearing.

A) unofficial
B) congressional
C) preliminary
D) revocation

Question 25

The formal termination of an offender's conditional freedom is known as _____.

A) reconviction
B) revocation
C) diversion
D) adjudication

Question 26

A presentence report outlines a treatment plan for an offender.

Question 27

The first person that a probation officer interviews when preparing a presentence report is the presiding judge.

Question 28

A(n) _____ is a failure to comply with the conditions of probation.

A) technical violation
B) new offense violation
C) espionage
D) perfidy

Question 29

In the _____ case, the Supreme Court decided that there was no difference between probation and parole revocation because both of them resulted in loss of liberty.

A) Morrissey v. Brewer
B) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
C) Williams v. Oklahoma
D) Furman v. Georgia

Question 30

In Tennessee, a presentence report is called a sentence assessment report.

Question 31

Probation is less expensive, more humanitarian, and as effective as incarceration in reducing future criminal activity.

Question 32

John Augustus was the founder of probation.

Question 33

A presentence report starts with an interview between the probation officer and the _____.

A) defendant
B) prosecutor
C) judge
D) arresting officer

Question 34

_____ means monitoring the activities of probationers through office meetings and home and work visits.

A) Surveillance
B) Restitution
C) Retribution
D) Enforcement

Question 35

Which of the following is an element of probation supervision?

A) Individual counseling
B) Resource mediation
C) Sentencing
D) Pre-plea investigation

Question 36

Probation philosophy supports the concept of retributive punishment.

Question 37

In a presentence report, the _____ estimates the offender's degree of risk to the community and need factors (sociological, psychological, and economic) that impact criminal behavior.

A) probation officer
B) presiding judge
C) prosecutor
D) arresting officer

Question 38

In 2014, almost _____ million adults were on probation in the United States.

A) 8
B) 5.9
C) 1
D) 3.9

Question 39

The second major role of a probation officer is _____.

A) client supervision
B) case investigation
C) revocating
D) sentencing

Question 40

The average probation officer in the United States supervises approximately _____ offenders.

A) 42
B) 65
C) 100
D) 139

Question 41

According to the National Institute of Corrections, the most likely reason for revocation of probation is the commission of a new offense.

Question 42

The case of Williams v. Oklahoma dealt with the issue of probation revocation.

Question 43

_____ was the founder of probation.

Question 44

_____ means providing offenders access to a wide variety of services, such as job development, substance abuse treatment, counseling, and education.

Question 45

The founder of probation was a shoemaker in the city of _____.

Question 46

The repetition of criminal behavior, generally defined as rearrest, is called _____.

Question 47

A sentence of _____ allows an offender to remain in the community for reintegration purposes.

Question 48

Revocation is triggered when offenders willfully violate the technical conditions of their probation.

Question 49

The state of _____ has the lowest adult probation population.

Question 50

The National Probation Act was signed by President _____.

Question 51

The state of _____ has the largest adult probation population.

Question 52

Fleeing without the permission of the jurisdiction in which the offender is required to stay is called absconding.

Question 53

_____ is the first major role of probation officers, consisting of interviewing the defendant and preparing the presentence report.

Question 54

The average probation officer in the United States supervises around 43 offenders.

Question 55

The push for _____ highlights the importance of using scientific research to study correctional policy.

Question 56

A technical violation of the conditions of probation is a criminal act.

Question 57

The conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of a probation officer is called _____.

Question 58

At a revocation hearing, the defendant has limited rights and is not allowed to present evidence or witnesses.

Question 59

The state of _____ was the first to pass a statute authorizing probation.

Question 60

Revocation hearings usually begin with a violation report prepared by a probation officer.

Question 61

The arrest and prosecution for the commission of a new crime is called _____.