Deck 11: The Early Industrial Sector

Question 1

The U.S.imposed high tariffs in the early nineteenth century in retaliation for British tariffs imposed on American goods.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Mass adoption of technology,like the steam engine,was not influenced greatly by the relative benefits and costs of the new technology compared to existing technology.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Which of the following was NOT a part of the American system of manufacturing?

A) Interchangeable and standardized parts
B) Use of indentured servants
C) Mass production
D) High capital intensities of production

Answer 3

Use of indentured servants

Question 4

Hughes and Cain (2011)effectively argue that advancements in power technology helped open new opportunities for the strategic placement of cities and big factories.

Question 5

The energy source most often used by the earliest factories was

A) animal power.
B) wind power.
C) water power.
D) steam engines.

Question 6

The object of U.S.technological choices,according to Rosenberg (1963),was to conserve scarce productive factors and exploit plentiful ones.

Question 7

Early industrialization was characterized by labor-saving technology,and this caused U.S.wages?to be lower in the manufacturing industry than would otherwise have been the case.

Question 8

Ames and Rosenberg (1963)argue that demand for manufactured goods in the U.S.tended to be utilitarian in nature rather than "high quality," and this encouraged development of mass production methods.

Question 9

The region of the U.S.that benefited least from and fought hardest against raising tariffs in the first half of the nineteenth century was

A) New England.
B) the Middle Atlantic states.
C) the South.
D) the West.

Question 10

According to Habakkuk (1962),the high price of western lands before the Homestead Act (1862)kept workmen in the eastern manufacturing cities and thus slowed down the rate of adoption of ?labor-saving technology.

Question 11

Skilled labor commanded a higher wage than unskilled labor in both the U.S.and Europe between 1789 and 1860.However,skilled wages in the U.S.were higher,on average.A higher land to labor ratio in the U.S.can explain the higher wage rates of skilled workers in the U.S.

Question 12

During the antebellum period,U.S.consumers increased their demand for mass-produced,standardized and simple goods.

Question 13

North's (1955)theory of economic location is that of "balanced growth"-many industries in each region must advance at about the same time in order for economic growth to occur.

Question 14

American manufacturers rapidly dropped waterwheels when the steam engine was introduced.

Question 15

One of the main production advantages of the steam engine was the flexibility of its location.

Question 16

The first industry to use interchangeable parts in the U.S.was

A) machine tools.
B) guns.
C) cotton textiles.
D) watches.

Question 17

What was the crucial factor permitting cotton textile production to take off in New England between 1790 and 1815?

A) The imposition of high tariff rates
B) A lowering of import tariffs by Britain
C) The blocking of trade with England through the Embargo and ?the War of 1812
D) A relaxation of regulations restricting exports of machinery ?by Britain

Question 18

Tariffs benefit the consumers of the import-competing goods.

Question 19

The U.S.lowered tariffs in the 1850s because of a budget surplus.

Question 20

Tariffs provide domestic producers with incentives to be inefficient and operate on the basis of comparative disadvantage.

Question 21

Use economic reasoning to explain why the North industrialized at a faster pace than the South.

Question 22

The absence of significant scale economies in 19th century agriculture outside the cotton South produced all of the following except

A) More equal income distribution
B) Numerous family farms
C) The widespread need for schools
D) Large, corporate farms using the latest technology

Question 23

The U.S.used high-pressure steam engines,whereas the British favored low-pressure engines.?The reason for the American preference for high-pressure steam engines was that

A) low-pressure steam engines, though more efficient, were complicated to build and operate and America lacked skilled labor compared to England.
B) the high-pressure steam engines used extravagant amounts of wood fuel. The U.S. abundance?of wood compared to Europe made building high-pressure steam engines cheaper in the U.S.
C) Americans simply lagged behind technologically compared to England and continued to use the outdated high-pressure steam engines.
D) England had patents on the superior low-pressure steam engine and would not allow other nations to use the technology.

Question 24

In the first years of the new nation,American producers

A) found it difficult to compete with the British in manufactured goods.
B) quickly developed agricultural technology that was more efficient than that in England.
C) did not use British manufacturing technology because England had forbidden the export of its technology.
D) began to specialize in the production of manufacturing goods, selling them to England and Europe.

Question 25

The Industrial Revolution was centered in Great Britain,and the British

A) tried to achieve a technological monopoly.
B) were willing to freely share industrial technology with their colonies but no other nations.
C) believed in free trade and the sale and export of technology to any nation that wanted to pay for it.
D) were willing to share their technology with other nations but not their colonies because they wished the colonies to specialize in the production of agriculture and raw materials for export ?to England.

Question 26

Important steps in the growth of the wage-labor system of the North in the early 19th century include which of the following?

A) The advancement of many of the old skilled crafts and apprenticeship systems by the factory system
B) The fall in the demand for unskilled labor created by transportation improvements
C) The complication of work tasks in the factory, which allowed the use of women and child labor
D) Large-scale migration to the U.S. of relatively unskilled workers who sought jobs in the cities and factories

Question 27

An export industry is said to exhibit increasing returns to scale when

A) a large-scale organization has significant competitive advantages over small-scale activities.
B) labor utilization increases by 50 percent but export output production increases by only ?20 percent.
C) its small-scale business activity has significant comparative advantages over large-scale productions.
D) use of capital increases by 10 percent leads to an increase in export production by 10 percent.

Question 28

In general,in the 19th century,America

A) was a low tariff nation because it was believed that free trade brought specialization, efficiency and more rapid economic growth.
B) was a nation that kept its tariffs at about the same levels as England so as not to give the British an advantage.
C) was a high tariff nation which believed, from the days of Alexander Hamilton, that America's industry needed protection from the more industrially advanced England.
D) had a moderate level of tariffs, compared with England, whose main purpose was to provide the federal government with revenues.

Question 29

At the time of the American Revolution,the Industrial Revolution first launched in

A) France.
B) Germany.
C) England.
D) Spain.

Question 30

Hughes and Cain (2011)ask: Who suffered from the tariff in the 19th century? What was their answer?

A) the government
B) producers of import-competing goods
C) consumers
D) workers in import-competing industries

Question 31

The future of any region dependent on export industrial growth is influenced by:

A) the region's natural endowment at given technology levels.
B) the character of the export industry.
C) subsequent changes in technology and transport costs.
D) all of the above.

Question 32

Once the problem of subsistence food growing had been solved,regional growth resulted in which of the following?

A) Balanced growth across all sectors of the economy
B) Increased import growth and decreased export growth
C) Developed export activity
D) Faltering secondary industrial growth

Question 33

For the period we are studying (1789-1860),the United States

A) was a high tariff, protectionist nation.
B) derived the vast majority of federal revenues from the tariff.
C) was divided on the question of the tariff, with the South generally in opposition to it.
D) was characterized by all of the above.

Question 34

Who does not want a tariff?

A) Consumers of imported goods
B) Domestic businesses producing goods that compete with the imported goods
C) Politicians trying to garner domestic support from the import-competing domestic industries
D) The federal government

Question 35

The idea of interchangeable parts,which was an important aspect of the American System?of Manufacturing,is attributed by Hughes and Cain (2011)to

A) Henry Ford, who used it in the production of automobiles.
B) Adam Smith, who suggested it in his book The Wealth of Nations.
C) Thomas Jefferson, who used it in his "nailery" on his plantation.
D) Eli Whitney, who used it in the production of guns.

Question 36

Incentives matter and different groups of producers,consumers and politicians will support those policies that promise to advance those projects most advantageous to them.Which statement about opposition to or support for U.S.tariff policy during the antebellum period is correct?

A) "Producers in the South objected to tariffs placed on imported goods. They needed them at relatively low prices for their own production."
B) Plantation owners supported a high tariff as protection against cheap cotton imports.
C) Politicians wanted to protect jobs abroad as well as in the U.S. Therefore, they did not support U.S. tariff policies.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 37

The American manufacturing system began to emerge in the years prior to the Civil War.Which?of the following was not an important aspect of the system?

A) Extensive or increased use of craftsmen
B) Mass production of goods in factories
C) The production of standardized goods
D) Extensive use of machinery and equipment

Question 38

In the 1800s,early agricultural activity in the U.S.used the technology of the time which was based on

A) handwork and animal power.
B) waterpower and the steam engine.
C) the internal combustion engine and electric motor.
D) large-scale enterprises using water driven machinery.

Question 39

Consumption patterns in the U.S.between 1790 and 1860 indicate a growing preference for

A) basic necessities.
B) high quality clothes and homes.
C) simple, standardized and mass-produced goods.
D) luxury items.

Question 40

Those individuals who rejected the U.S.tariff policy of the antebellum period did so for which of the following reasons? They

A) Wanted to save domestic jobs in those industries reliant on imports.
B) Depended on imports for domestic production.
C) Wanted to protect relatively low consumer prices, advance free trade and boost economic efficiency.
D) All of the above.

Question 41

What are patents? Why do they encourage innovative activity? Illustrate using examples of antebellum patents and innovations.

Question 42

Discuss the factors influencing the choices of industrial locations.Highlight Douglass North's ?(1955 and 1959)contributions to this discussion and emphasize the importance of exporting industrial goods to other locations.

Question 43

Identify and describe one antebellum innovation in the U.S.Explain how it increased output per labor.

Question 44

Discuss the role of comparative advantage in regional specialization in the United States in the?period 1790-1860.

Question 45

Compare and contrast the tariff views of the South and North during the antebellum period of U.S.history.Specifically explain how the tariffs of this period transferred income from the South and ?non-industrial sectors of the U.S.economy to the manufacturing sector of the North.

Question 46

Compare and contrast antebellum industrialization in the North and South by explaining what each had in common and how they differed in terms of levels and rates of industrialization.

Question 47

Discuss the economic benefits of immigration during this period of U.S.history.

Question 48

Compare and contrast economic historians' views on why the Southern economy prospered between 1815 and 1860,and why manufacturing failed to develop there.

Question 49

Explain how growth in agriculture and industry can occur simultaneously.Apply this explanation?to the U.S.experiences of 1790 to 1860.

Question 50

Once the issue of subsistence was settled,explain how the farm households' demand for manufactured goods supported industrialization.

Question 51

Describe the evolution of industrial production in the U.S.from 1790 to 1860.Use statistics?to describe changes in production levels.