Deck 14: The Urinary System

Question 1

Vomiting is initiated by stimulation of chemoreceptors in the medulla.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Slow-wave potentials are always accompanied by contractile activity.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Parasympathetic stimulation and sympathetic stimulation both increase salivary secretion.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The stomach mucosa is thrown into folds known as villi.

Question 5

The swallowing centre does not initiate and coordinate secondary peristaltic waves.

Question 6

The large intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Question 7

Salivation is entirely under neural control.

Question 8

Parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands produces a large volume of watery saliva high in enzyme concentration.

Question 9

The pancreas secretes enzymes involved in the digestion of all three categories of foodstuff.

Question 10

Bile salts are important in fat digestion and absorption.

Question 11

The ileocecal juncture serves as a barrier to prevent bacteria-laden contents of the large intestine from contaminating the small intestine.

Question 12

Deglutition refers to the process of chewing.

Question 13

The parietal cells secrete both pepsinogen and intrinsic factor.

Question 14

The enterogastric reflex and enterogastrones inhibit gastric motility but stimulate gastric secretion.

Question 15

Stimulation of the taste buds increases gastric secretions.

Question 16

Lipase breaks down proteins via hydrolysis.

Question 17

Bile is secreted continuously by the gallbladder.

Question 18

There is continuous salivary secretion due to constant low-level stimulation by the parasympathetic nerve endings within the salivary glands.

Question 19

Most of the fluid presented to the small intestine for absorption has been ingested.

Question 20

Gastric mixing takes place primarily in the antrum of the stomach.

Question 21

The primary factor responsible for forward propulsion of chyme through the small intestine is mass movements.

Question 22

The liver receives venous blood coming directly from the digestive tract, and arterial blood coming from the aorta.

Question 23

The main function of the ileocecal valve/sphincter is to prevent small intestinal contents from entering the large intestine before digestion of food is completed.

Question 24

The myenteric plexus is a nerve network located in the submucosa.

Question 25

Protein digestion begins in the stomach under the influence of pepsinogen, continues in the duodenal lumen under the influence of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes, and is completed intracellularly in the small intestinal brush border.

Question 26

Both amino acids and glucose are absorbed by secondary active transport by the small intestinal epithelial cells.

Question 27

The primary factor governing the rate of gastric emptying is the volume of the gastric contents.

Question 28

Intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B₁₂.

Question 29

Considerable vitamin absorption occurs passively in the stomach.

Question 30

Haustral contractions propel the feces one-third to three-quarters the length of the colon in a few seconds.

Question 31

The main sympathetic nerve supply to the digestive tract is the vagus.

Question 32

Gastric secretion occurs only when food is present in the stomach.

Question 33

After food has been chewed and mixed with salivary secretion, it is referred to as chyme.

Question 34

Bile salts are derivatives of cholesterol.

Question 35

The primary absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes takes place in the large intestine, converting chyme to fecal material.

Question 36

Glycogen is stored in the liver.

Question 37

The function of mixing movements is to promote digestion and facilitate absorption.

Question 38

In cirrhosis, damaged hepatocytes are permanently replaced by an overgrowth of connective tissue.

Question 39

The principal clinical manifestation of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is incomplete protein digestion resulting from deficiency of the powerful pancreatic proteolytic enzymes.

Question 40

The only function of chewing is to break food up into smaller pieces and soften it by mixing it with saliva to facilitate swallowing.

Question 41

The intrinsic nerve plexuses innervate smooth muscle and exocrine gland cells, but do not influence endocrine gland cells within the digestive system.

Question 42

Salivary amylase and the pancreatic enzymes are inactivated by acid.

Question 43

The epiglottis opens the glottis during the swallowing reflex.

Question 44

Symptoms associated with constipation are attributable to toxins absorbed from the retained fecal material.

Question 45

Fat is absorbed into the lymph in the form of micelles.

Question 46

The contents of the digestive tract are technically outside the body.

Question 47

Sodium can be absorbed both actively and passively.

Question 48

Pepsin formation in the stomach is autocatalytic.

Question 49

Chylomicrons are aggregates of bile salts, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids.

Question 50

Humans are not capable of digesting cellulose, but some of the enteric bacteria have this capability.

Question 51

Vomiting is caused by reverse peristalsis.

Question 52

The enterogastric reflex promotes gastric emptying.

Question 53

Sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivary secretion.

Question 54

As the gastric pH falls very low, the pyloric gland area is inhibited.

Question 55

HCl activates pepsinogen.

Question 56

The main motility seen in the small intestine during digestion of a meal is the migrating motility complex.

Question 57

Protein digestion is initiated by salivary amylase.

Question 58

Colonic secretion contains no digestive enzymes.

Question 59

All the pancreatic enzymes are secreted in inactive form.

Question 60

Alcohol can be absorbed by the stomach mucosa more quickly than by the small intestine mucosa.

Question 61

The presence of protein in the stomach stimulates the release of histamine, which in turn promotes HCl and pepsinogen secretion.

Question 62

Upon arrival of a new meal in the stomach, the gastrocolic reflex pushes the colonic contents into the rectum, triggering the defecation reflex to eliminate the remains of a preceding meal.

Question 63

Microvilli establish a brush border in the small intestine.

Question 64

In general, sympathetic stimulation is excitatory to digestive activity.

Question 65

Parasympathetic stimulation produces a watery saliva rich in enzymes.

Question 66

The process of digestion starts as food enters the stomach.

Question 67

Receptive relaxation refers to the voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter when the individual is receptive to the defecation reflex.

Question 68

Glucagon is produced by the liver.

Question 69

The ultimate source of the fluids secreted into the digestive tract is the plasma.

Question 70

Chyme is produced in the stomach.

Question 71

The small intestinal epithelium actively secretes digestive enzymes into the intestinal lumen.

Question 72

Peristaltic waves occur continuously in the stomach at a rate of three contractions per minute, keeping pace with the BER.

Question 73

CCK causes relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi.

Question 74

The pancreas is the primary site of digestive enzyme production.

Question 75

Excessive small intestinal motility can lead to constipation because there is less time for absorption to take place.

Question 76

The outer muscle layer of the digestive tract consists of circular smooth muscle.

Question 77

H⁺ ions are actively secreted against a large concentration gradient into the stomach; Cl^- secretion follows passively.

Question 78

The acquired salivary reflex occurs upon stimulation of chemoreceptors and/or pressure receptors in the mouth.

Question 79

Respiration is inhibited throughout the entire time that swallowing is taking place.

Question 80

Chymotrypsinogen is activated by enterokinase.