Deck 13: The Respiratory System

Question 1

The main reason ECF volume must be regulated is to maintain proper cell volume.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Basic phosphate is secreted by the kidney tubular cells to buffer hydrogen ion when the tubular fluid becomes too acidic.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The main reason that extracellular fluid volume must be closely regulated is to prevent fluid shifts from occurring between the ICF and the ECF.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

All substances that contain hydrogen are considered to be acids.

Question 5

The kidneys secrete additional H⁺ and conserve HCO₃^- to compensate for increased H⁺ concentration in the body fluids.

Question 6

During acidosis, ammonia plays a key role in allowing for continued renal H⁺ secretion.

Question 7

Each intracellular protein exerts more osmotic effect than each intracellular phosphate ion because the proteins are larger.

Question 8

Normally, the major source of H⁺ in the body is the formation of sulphuric and phosphoric acid produced during metabolism of dietary proteins that contain sulphate and phosphate groups.

Question 9

The respiratory system can compensate completely for metabolic acidosis.

Question 10

Bicarbonate ions can combine with free H⁺, removing a source of acidity and opposing acidosis.

Question 11

Insensible H₂O loss includes water lost as a result of metabolic reactions within the cells.

Question 12

Diabetes insipidus often leads to hypertonicity of the body fluids.

Question 13

The tissue with the lowest percentage of water is the skeleton.

Question 14

Common symptoms of hypotonicity include dry skin, parched tongue, and sunken eyeballs.

Question 15

If the pH of body fluids is 7.3, then alkalosis is present because neutral pH equals 7.0.

Question 16

A chemical buffer system enables a solution to resist a marked change in pH upon addition or loss of acid or base.

Question 17

Salt concentration in the body varies markedly between individuals, and depends on how much salt they consume.

Question 18

Diabetes insipidus develops in the body from a deficiency of insulin.

Question 19

Regulation of hydrogen ion concentration is important in the maintenance of proper enzyme function.

Question 20

A chemical buffer system consists of a pair of substances involved in a reversible reaction: one that can yield free H⁺ and one that can bind with free H⁺.

Question 21

As H⁺ increases, K⁺ secretion also increases because of the intimate relationship between H⁺ secretion and K⁺ secretion by the kidneys.

Question 22

Respiratory alkalosis occurs as a consequence of hyperventilation, because CO₂ is blown off more quickly than it is produced, decreasing the amount of carbonic acid in the body fluids.

Question 23

Fluid consumption is influenced by other factors in addition to the thirst mechanism involving osmoreceptors.

Question 24

When the body becomes dehydrated (H₂O deficit), both urinary output and thirst increase as compensatory measures.

Question 25

A pH of 3 is 100 times as acidic as a pH of 5.

Question 26

When [H⁺] decreases, the kidneys excrete less HCO₃^- into the urine.

Question 27

H⁺ secretion is coupled to bicarbonate reabsorption.

Question 28

Carbohydrates are acidic.

Question 29

A strong acid has a greater tendency to dissociate than does a weak acid.

Question 30

Chemical buffer systems are the most powerful mechanism available for defending against changes in [H⁺] because they respond the fastest.

Question 31

Acids can be strong or weak.

Question 32

Vasopressin is normally secreted when a deficit of water develops in the body.

Question 33

The kidneys are the first line of defence against changes in acid-base balance because they are the most powerful mechanism for maintaining pH.

Question 34

Carbon dioxide is unintentionally increased as a cause of respiratory acidosis but is deliberately increased as a compensation for metabolic alkalosis.

Question 35

Extracellular fluid volume depends primarily on the sodium load in the body.

Question 36

The secretion of aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of sodium.

Question 37

The ECF volume and osmolarity are regulated primarily by the kidneys.

Question 38

A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water than a hypertonic solution.

Question 39

Intracellular fluid is divided into two compartments: the plasma fluid and the interstitial fluid.

Question 40

In a normal, healthy person, H₂O intake equals H₂O output.

Question 41

A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of H₂O than an isotonic solution.

Question 42

Hypertonicity in the ECF is sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.

Question 43

Acids can dissociate in solution to yield free hydrogen ions and anions.

Question 44

The pH of arterial blood is lower than the pH of venous blood.

Question 45

The phosphate buffer system serves as an important urinary buffer.

Question 46

If the pH of body fluids is 7.3, acidosis is said to exist even though a solution with a pH of 7.30 is chemically considered to be basic.

Question 47

The percentage of body water varies from person to person.

Question 48

Control of salt balance in humans is accomplished primarily by control of salt intake via a well-developed salt hunger.

Question 49

During respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis, breathing becomes slower and shallower.

Question 50

The major source of H⁺ in the body fluids is the carbonic acid generated from metabolic production of CO₂.

Question 51

The only cause of hypotonicity is drinking excess fluid.

Question 52

The thirst centre is closely related to, or perhaps identical to, the cells that secrete vasopressin.

Question 53

Cells in a hypertonic ECF tend to lose water by osmosis.

Question 54

The extent of dissociation for a given acid is a constant, K.

Question 55

Buffer systems contain strong acids, such as HCl.

Question 56

HCl is an example of an acid.

Question 57

The body normally loses 10 grams of salt daily.

Question 58

Bicarbonate ions that enter the plasma during HCO₃^- reabsorption are not the same HCO₃^- ions that were filtered.

Question 59

Water is freely permeable through all cell membranes.

Question 60

A pH of less than 6.8 or greater than 8.0 is not compatible with life.

Question 61

Which symptom(s) is/are NOT associated with alkalosis?

A)disorientation and coma
B)"pins and needles" sensations
C) muscle twitches and muscle spasms
D) extreme nervousness

Question 62

Under which of these circumstances is the thirst mechanism NOT invoked?

A)when the ECF volume decreases
B)when the plasma osmolarity decreases
C) when hypothalamic osmoreceptors are activated
D) when there is dryness in the mouth

Question 63

Osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of the individual solute particles dissolved in a fluid.

Question 64

Which of these symptom(s) is/are associated with acidosis?

A)extreme nervousness
B)disorientation and coma
C) "pins and needles" sensations
D) muscle twitches and muscle spasms

Question 65

What is the primary reason that extracellular fluid volume must be closely regulated?

A)to prevent changes in ICF osmolarity
B)to maintain adequate urine formation
C) to maintain proper blood pressure
D) to prevent cells from swelling or shrinking

Question 66

Slow, shallow breathing allows carbonic acid to build up in the blood, returning pH to normal.

Question 67

Water is the most abundant component of the body, making up over 95 percent of body weight.

Question 68

The hypothalamus controls both thirst and vasopressin secretion.

Question 69

Which of these statements correctly describes transcellular fluid?

A)It is the sum of fluid within all the cells.
B)It consists of a number of small specialized fluid volumes.
C) It is important functionally and plays a crucial role in the body's fluid balance.
D) It includes the lymph fluid that returned from the interstitial fluid to the plasma.

Question 70

Alkalosis eventually leads to unconsciousness and coma.

Question 71

Loss of water from the lungs is one example of sensible loss.

Question 72

The primary factor responsible for regulating H₂O balance in the body is control of fluid intake via the thirst mechanism.

Question 73

Which is the most important factor in the long-term regulation of ECF volume?

A)maintenance of salt balance
B)maintenance of water balance
C) the baroreceptor reflex
D) fluid shifts between interstitial fluid and plasma

Question 74

What is the barrier between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A)blood vessel walls
B)plasma membrane
C) pleural membrane
D) transcellular membrane

Question 75

Which statement correctly describes salt balance in humans?

A)It depends primarily upon control of Na⁺ intake through salt hunger.
B)It depends primarily upon control of Na⁺ output by the kidneys.
C) It is poorly regulated.
D) It depends upon Na⁺ secretion by the kidneys.

Question 76

Which statement does NOT apply to metabolic water?

A)It results from cellular respiration.
B)It is roughly 15 percent of daily water input.
C) Its production increases during times of dehydration to compensate for water loss.
D) It includes sweat.

Question 77

Renal regulation of salt is the primary means of achieving salt balance.

Question 78

Which tissues in the body contain the lowest percentage of water?

A)blood
B)skeleton
C) muscle
D) adipose

Question 79

Insensible water loss includes water lost from the lungs during expiration and water lost from the skin during sweating.

Question 80

Acids dissociate to produce anions.