Deck 9: From DNA to Protein

Question 1

When many ribosomes simultaneously translate the same mRNA molecule, the structure is called a ____.

A)codon
B)polysome
C)nucleosome
D)peptide-forming unit
E)polymerase

Answer 1

B

Question 2

​Transcription produces a new ____ molecule that is ____ in sequence to the DNA template.

A)​DNA; complementary
B)​protein; identical
C)​protein; complementary
D)​RNA; identical
E)​RNA; complementary

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A codon consists of ____ nucleotide bases.

A)3
B)4
C)6
D)20
E)64

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The first amino acid in most proteins is ____.

A)alanine
B)isoleucine
C)leucine
D)methionine
E)phenylalanine

Question 5

Removal of introns, addition of a poly-A tail, and addition of a 5' cap are all events that occur during ____.

A)protein folding
B)transcription
C)replication
D)post-transcriptional modification
E)translation

Question 6

Genes are found ____.​

A)​only at the 3' end of a DNA molecule
B)​only at the 5' end of a DNA molecule
C)​only on one strand of a DNA molecule
D)​on both strands of a DNA molecule
E)​only in introns

Question 7

​A promoter is found ____ of the gene it controls.

A)upstream​
B)​downstream
C)​in the intron
D)​in the middle
E)​at the 3' end

Question 8

Of all the different codons that exist, three of them do not encode a particular amino acid. Their role is to ____.

A)allow for any amino acid to be added in their place
B)encode tRNA molecules
C)provide instructions on the tertiary structure of the protein
D)signal the start of translation
E)signal translation to stop

Question 9

Intervening, untranslated nucleotide sequences are called ____.

A)introns
B)anticodons
C)exons
D)transcriptons
E)poly-A tails

Question 10

In transcription, ____ is used as a template for the construction of a single new RNA molecule.

A)the entire DNA molecule
B)both strands of a double-stranded segment of DNA
C)a segment of one strand of double-stranded DNA
D)an entire RNA molecule
E)a single-stranded segment of RNA

Question 11

The poison ricin inactivates which of the following cellular organelles?

A)mitochondria
B)ribosomes
C)smooth ER
D)Golgi bodies
E)nucleus

Question 12

The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template strand is called ____.

A)replication
B)translation
C)transcription
D)DNA synthesis
E)metabolism

Question 13

During the initiation of translation, the small ribosomal subunit binds mRNA, and then the initiator tRNA base-pairs with mRNA. Which step happens next?

A)The ribosome catalyzes the formation of the first peptide bond.
B)The first tRNA is released.
C)The second tRNA base-pairs with the mRNA.
D)The ribosome starts the assembly of the amino acid chain.
E)The large ribosomal subunit joins the small subunit.

Question 14

In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the ____; in prokaryotes, translation occurs in the ____.

A)nucleus; cytoplasm
B)cytoplasm; nucleus
C)cytoplasm; cytoplasm
D)nucleus; nucleus
E)endoplasmic reticulum; cytoplasm

Question 15

Which type of RNA shows enzymatic activity by catalyzing peptide bond formation between amino acids?

A)mRNA
B)tRNA
C)rRNA
D)all types of RNA
E)no RNA shows enzymatic activity

Question 16

During transcription, uracil pairs with ____.

A)ribose
B)adenine
C)cytosine
D)thymine
E)guanine

Question 17

Which component is found in RNA but not in DNA?

A)thymine
B)deoxyribose
C)ribose
D)guanine
E)cytosine

Question 18

Which property is shared by the processes of replication and transcription?

A)One strand of nucleic acid serves as a template for synthesis of another.
B)They require ribosomes.
C)They both take place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
D)They both make copies of DNA.
E)They both use the nucleic acid uracil.

Question 19

Which step occurs first during transcription?

A)Free RNA nucleotides are added to an RNA chain.
B)RNA polymerase unwinds DNA.
C)RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter site.
D)The new RNA strand is released from RNA polymerase.
E)The introns are removed from the RNA strand.

Question 20

Which type of RNA carries the protein-building message?

A)messenger RNA
B)nuclear RNA
C)ribosomal RNA
D)transfer RNA
E)structural RNA

Question 21

​The order of information flow in gene expression is ____.

A)​protein to RNA to DNA
B)​RNA to DNA to protein
C)​protein to DNA to RNA
D)​DNA to RNA to protein
E)​DNA to protein to RNA

Question 22

Translation begins when the initiator tRNA binds to the ____.

A)large ribosomal subunit
B)small ribosomal subunit
C)second tRNA
D)terminator codon
E)first codon of the mRNA

Question 23

The genetic code is comprised of the ____.

A)four nucleotide bases
B)set of tRNA molecules that carry amino acids
C)set of 20 amino acids
D)proteins encoded by DNA
E)complete set of 64 mRNA codons

Question 24

In bacteria and archaea, translation can begin before transcription is complete because ____.

A)both processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum
B)both processes occur in the cytoplasm
C)both processes occur in the nucleus
D)the ribosome can perform transcription and translation simultaneously
E)RNA polymerase can perform transcription and translation simultaneously

Question 25

​Which component is missing in a post-transcriptionally modified mRNA molecule?

A)​exons
B)​introns
C)​5' cap
D)​poly-A tail
E)​uracil bases

Question 26

The normal start codon for protein synthesis is ____.

A)AUG
B)UAA
C)UAG
D)UGA
E)GGU

Question 27

The template for transcription is ____ and the template for translation is ____.

A)mRNA; protein
B)RNA; DNA
C)DNA; mRNA
D)amino acids; protein
E)protein; DNA

Question 28

When a gene is transcribed, ____ is produced.

A)more DNA
B)protein or polypeptide sequences
C)messenger RNA
D)enzymes
E)genetic defects

Question 29

The protein-coding regions of DNA molecules are the ____.

A)introns only
B)anticodons
C)exons only
D)transcriptons
E)exons and introns

Question 30

Which molecule has an anticodon and binds to the protein-synthesizing machinery?

A)DNA
B)mRNA
C)rRNA
D)tRNA
E)ribosomes

Question 31

Sickle cell anemia has been traced to a(n) ____ mutation.

A)frameshift
B)transposable element
C)deletion
D)addition
E)base-pair substitution

Question 32

Anticodons pair with ____.

A)mRNA codons
B)DNA codons
C)RNA anticodons
D)amino acids
E)ribosomes

Question 33

If the DNA triplets were ATG and CGT, the mRNA codons would be ____.

A)AUG and CGU
B)ATG and CGT
C)UAC and GCA
D)UAG and CGU
E)UAU and GCA

Question 34

During translation, free amino acids are carried to the ribosomes by ____.

A)mRNA
B)tRNA
C)microRNAs
D)rRNA
E)any form of RNA

Question 35

Transcription is catalyzed by the enzyme ____.

A)RNA polymerase
B)DNA polymerase
C)ligase
D)gyrase
E)ribosomes

Question 36

Amino acids are joined together in proteins by ____.

A)hydrogen bonds
B)peptide bonds
C)anticodons
D)base-pairing bonds
E)codon bonds

Question 37

​In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the ____; in prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the ____.

A)​cytoplasm; nucleus
B)​nucleus; cytoplasm
C)​nucleus; nucleus
D)​cytoplasm; cytoplasm
E)​endoplasmic reticulum; cytoplasm

Question 38

Which nitrogenous base is present in DNA but not RNA?

A)adenine
B)cytosine
C)guanine
D)uracil
E)thymine

Question 39

Each intact ribosome consists of a large and a small subunit made of rRNA and ____.

A)structural proteins
B)free amino acids
C)DNA
D)lipids
E)enzymatic proteins

Question 40

There are a total of ____ codons that specify a total of ____ naturally occurring amino acids.

A)4; 20
B)20; 20
C)64; 20
D)64; 64
E)4; 64

Question 41

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
a.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
b.encodes the gene's protein building information for translation
c.process which is guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
d.a tRNA triplet that binds to mRNA
e.a set of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid
f.process which includes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
anticodon

Question 42

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
a.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
b.encodes the gene's protein building information for translation
c.process which is guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
d.a tRNA triplet that binds to mRNA
e.a set of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid
f.process which includes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
codon

Question 43

This codon terminates a coding region.

Question 44

Proteins are the workhorses of the cell, and responsible for many functions that keep the cell alive. The instructions for how to make each protein are encoded in the cell's DNA. Explain how DNA sequences can serve as instructions for building a protein.

Question 45

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
a.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
b.encodes the gene's protein building information for translation
c.process which is guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
d.a tRNA triplet that binds to mRNA
e.a set of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid
f.process which includes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
transcription

Question 46

How was collagen protein from a Tyrannosaurus rex able to give evidence for a hereditary connection between birds and dinosaurs?

Question 47

Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), such as the poison ricin, are deadly because they inactivate ribosomes. How does ribosome inactivation lead to death?

Question 48

The anticodon AAA would pair with this codon.

Question 49

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
a.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
b.encodes the gene's protein building information for translation
c.process which is guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
d.a tRNA triplet that binds to mRNA
e.a set of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid
f.process which includes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
messenger RNA

Question 50

This codon specifies an amino acid and indicates the beginning of a coding region.

Question 51

How are eukaryotic transcripts modified before they are used in protein synthesis?

Question 52

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
a.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
b.encodes the gene's protein building information for translation
c.process which is guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
d.a tRNA triplet that binds to mRNA
e.a set of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid
f.process which includes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
translation

Question 53

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
a.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
b.encodes the gene's protein building information for translation
c.process which is guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
d.a tRNA triplet that binds to mRNA
e.a set of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid
f.process which includes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
promoter

Question 54

​The 5' cap of an mRNA molecule is composed of ____ bases.

A)​adenine
B)​thymine
C)​cytosine
D)​guanine
E)​uracil

Question 55

A DNA codon of ATT would be complementary to this RNA codon.

Question 56

How can a single gene encode multiple versions of a protein?​

Question 57

Describe mRNA stability compared to that of DNA. How does RNA stability affect cell adaptation to changing conditions?

Question 58

A single mutation involving the second letter of codon AUA would convert it to this codon.

Question 59

Explain the role of the 5' cap and poly-A tail in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.​

Question 60

Why is a promoter important to transcription?

Question 61

Each position of a codon can be occupied by one of four nucleotides. What is the minimum number of nucleotides per codon necessary to specify all 20 of the amino acids that are typical of eukaryotic proteins?

Question 62

Some RIPs are not as toxic as ricin. What is the main difference between toxic and non-toxic RIPs?

Question 63

An anticodon has the sequence GCG. What amino acid does this tRNA carry? What would be the effect of a mutation that changed the C of the anticodon to a G?

Question 64

Describe two conditions that would make a DNA mutation result in an altered protein.

Question 65

How do replication and transcription differ in terms of the portion of a DNA strand that is used in the process?