Deck 24: Animals Ii: the Chordates

Question 1

The "tunic" of a tunicate refers to ____.

A)a body covering
B)the type of food-gathering mechanism
C)muscle arrangements in the larva
D)the immature stage of a true fish
E)the protective cover of the brain

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which fish sometimes secretes venom and has a sharp spearlike point at the tip of its tail that is used for defense against predators?

A)lamprey
B)hagfish
C)sharks
D)stingrays
E)lungfish

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Four of the five answers listed below are anthropoids. Select the exception.

A)tarsier
B)Old World monkey
C)human
D)ape
E)gorilla

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What allows mammals to process a wider variety of foods than other vertebrates?

A)They have two types of teeth.
B)They have four types of teeth.
C)They have hinged jaws.
D)They have larger mouths.
E)They have sharper teeth.

Question 5

Amphibians are distinguished from earlier vertebrates by ____.

A)the development of eggs capable of hatching on land
B)metamorphosis
C)the development of limbs capable of moving on land
D)the presence of scales to prevent desiccation
E)absence of gills in any stage of development

Question 6

Four of the five adaptations below allowed animals to live on land. Select the exception.

A)eggs that can develop out of water
B)waterproof skin
C)lungs
D)ectothermy
E)internal fertilization

Question 7

Mammals are the only vertebrates that possess ____.

A)teeth
B)a backbone
C)a brain
D)a four chambered heart
E)mammary glands

Question 8

The oldest surviving primate lineage includes the ____, agile climbers that live in the forests of Madagascar.

A)lemurs
B)tarsiers
C)gibbons
D)squirrel monkey
E)chimpanzee

Question 9

The first snakes evolved during the Cretaceous, from short-legged, long-bodied ____.

A)lizards
B)birds
C)crocodilians
D)turtles
E)amphibians

Question 10

What body feature is most responsible for freeing vertebrates from dependence on watery habitats?

A)lungs
B)paired appendages
C)shelled, amniote eggs
D)a four-chambered heart
E)fur

Question 11

In tunicates, the notochord ____.

A)is present throughout life
B)appears in the larva only
C)develops during adulthood
D)is completely absent
E)develops into the nerve cord

Question 12

Which chordate feature is present in adult tunicates?

A)pharyngeal gill slits
B)nerve cord
C)notochord
D)tail
E)nerve cord and notochord

Question 13

Anatomically modern humans originated in ____.

A)south Africa
B)the Neander Valley
C)east Africa
D)Indonesia
E)southern China

Question 14

Live birth is characteristic of ____.

A)marsupials only
B)monotremes only
C)placental mammals only
D)marsupials and placental mammals
E)marsupials and monotremes

Question 15

Which of the following likely favored the transition to bipedalism?

A)a need to keep the body warmer
B)a change to a more energy-dense diet
C)the need to grip overhanging limbs more tightly
D)a change in climate
E)the ability to absorb more heat from the group

Question 16

You have a taken a summer job working as a field technician for a biological exploration in the Arctic. During the course of the summer, the expedition leaders become very excited about the discovery of a fish skeleton that shows bones extending out from the vertebral column that appear as small appendages. From your biology coursework, you realize that this fish would be classified as a ____.

A)hagfish
B)stingray
C)shark
D)ray-finned fish
E)lobe-finned fish

Question 17

Tailless nonhuman primates are commonly known as ____.

A)anthropoid primates
B)New World monkeys
C)hominins
D)apes
E)Old World monkeys

Question 18

Four of the five answers below are principal characteristics of all chordates. Select the exception.

A)postanal tail
B)bony vertebra
C)notochord
D)dorsal nerve cord
E)pharyngeal gill slits

Question 19

Four of the five answers are adaptations for flight in birds. Select the exception.

A)sound production
B)lightweight bones
C)feathers
D)efficient respiration
E)four-chambered heart

Question 20

Geneticists map ancient human movements using ____.

A)Denisovan genes
B)Neanderthal genes
C)maternal and paternal genetic markers
D)eye color trends
E)unique "dead end" genetic markers

Question 21

Australopiths show a trend toward improved upright walking, smaller teeth, and greater hand dexterity. Like other early hominins, they retained a ____.

A)vertically split upper lip
B)skull that opens to the spinal cord at the rear
C)modern human-sized brain
D)chimpanzee-sized brain
E)prehensile tail

Question 22

Humans are least closely related to the ____.

A)chimpanzee
B)orangutan
C)gorilla
D)lemur
E)spider monkey

Question 23

Four of the five answers are important evolutionary adaptations in primates. Select the exception.

A)forward facing eyes
B)upright walking
C)grasping hands
D)the development of a restricted or specialized diet
E)brain expansion and elaboration

Question 24

A hominin species that lived in Europe and Asia and became extinct about 35,000 years ago was ____.

A)Homo floresiensis
B)Australopithecus sediba
C)Homo erectus
D)Homo neanderthalensis
E)Australopithecus africanus

Question 25

Sharks, rays, and skates belong to what group?

A)lobe-finned fish
B)ray-finned fish
C)cartilaginous fish
D)bony fish
E)reptiles

Question 26

Although the phylogenetic lineages for hominids are not definitive, four of the five statements are possible. Select the exception.

A)Homo preceded Australopithecus.
B)Homo sapiens is the most recent.
C)Australopithecus is probably more ancient than Homo.
D)Homo erectus preceded Homo sapiens.
E)Homo habilis preceded Homo erectus.

Question 27

The vertebrate lung first appeared in which organism?

A)fishes
B)amphibians
C)reptiles
D)birds
E)mammals

Question 28

The species Homo sapiens is thought to be how many years old?

A)25,000
B)60,000
C)95,000
D)120,000
E)195,000

Question 29

Primates have a large brain for their body size. Compared to other mammals, primates devote more brain area to ____ and information processing, and less to ____.

A)hearing; smell
B)emotion; senses
C)smell; touch
D)vision; smell
E)touch; vision

Question 30

Which animals develop with an organ made from maternal and embryonic tissues that allows the bloodstreams to transfer materials without mixing?

A)reptiles
B)birds
C)monotremes
D)marsupials
E)placental mammals

Question 31

The location of the eyes on the front of the head in later primates was especially important in ____.

A)seeing color
B)detecting light intensity
C)predatory behavior
D)depth perception
E)mating

Question 32

The first group to exhibit an amniotic egg was the ____.

A)cartilaginous fish
B)amphibians
C)reptiles
D)bony fish
E)mammals

Question 33

Which species can be included in the group called "hominins"?

A)monkeys only
B)humans only
C)apes only
D)humans and apes only
E)monkeys, humans, and apes

Question 34

Which fishes feed on soft-bodied invertebrates and dead or dying fish and when threatened, secrete slimy mucus?

A)lamprey
B)hagfish
C)skates
D)rays
E)ray-finned fishes

Question 35

By adjusting the volume of gas in ____, a ray-finned fish can change its buoyancy so that it remains suspended at the desired depth.

A)lungs
B)gills
C)bladder
D)swim bladder
E)buoyancy sac

Question 36

Which young develop briefly in their mother's body, nourished by egg yolk and by nutrients that diffuse from the mother's tissues?

A)reptiles
B)birds
C)monotremes
D)marsupials
E)placental mammals

Question 37

The most primitive vertebrates are ____.

A)jawless fishes
B)amphibians
C)cartilaginous fish
D)birds
E)bony fish

Question 38

Amphibians are most dependent on an aquatic environment for ____.

A)respiration
B)feeding
C)reproduction
D)urination
E)defecation

Question 39

Lower back pain is common in humans because of ____.

A)over-curvature of the spine
B)sidewalks
C)our upright stance
D)a Neanderthal mutation common in modern humans
E)the weight of our brains

Question 40

Jawless fish move by ____.

A)swimming with paddle-like legs
B)swimming with paired fins
C)wiggling
D)paddling with a rubber-like tail
E)a walking-like motion

Question 41

How are the feeding habits of lampreys best described?

A)suspension feeding
B)predatory
C)parasitic
D)scavenging
E)passive

Question 42

The descriptive term ectotherm, when applied to reptiles, refers to the fact that ____.

A)they are warm-blooded
B)their internal body temperature varies with that of the external environment
C)their central body core works best when its temperature is the same as the ambient temperature
D)their optimum temperature for muscle contraction occurs only when the sun provides direct solar heat
E)they maintain their temperature by adjusting the production of metabolic heat

Question 43

Four of the five answers are traits that Homo sapiens had compared to earlier species. Select the exception.

A)smaller teeth and facial bones
B)a more prominent chin
C)a higher and rounder skull
D)flatter face
E)shorter body form

Question 44

Nearly half of the 5,000 placental mammal species are ____.

A)rodents
B)bats
C)herbivores
D)predators
E)hoofed animals

Question 45

The vertebrate fish group that most likely gave rise to the tetrapods is the ____.

A)ray-finned fishes
B)cartilaginous fishes
C)hagfishes
D)lampreys
E)lobe-finned fishes

Question 46

The vertebrate jaw first appeared in which organism?

A)fishes
B)amphibians
C)reptiles
D)birds
E)mammals

Question 47

Which modern reptiles have a four-chambered heart?

A)snakes
B)turtles
C)lizards
D)crocodilians
E)amphibians

Question 48

Four of the five answers are used to identify a fossil as a hominin species. Select the exception.

A)body size
B)flatter face
C)upright vertebral column
D)smaller canine teeth
E)bigger brain

Question 49

The primate fossil named Lucy was a member of the ____ genus.

A)Sahelanthropus
B)Australopithecus
C)Paranthropus
D)Ardipithecus
E)Homo

Question 50

Which vertebrate adaptation allowed dispersal to land-based life that was completely independent of water?

A)four-legged travel only
B)bony appendages only
C)hinged skeletal elements called jaws
D)development of embryos within waterproof membranes
E)bony appendages and four-legged travel

Question 51

What is the most likely reason for the decrease in hominin hairiness compared to apes?

A)to limit infectious disease spread
B)to improve hygiene
C)to regulate temperature and allow sweat to evaporate
D)to allow skin to absorb sunlight, for vitamin D synthesis
E)to save energy that hair production requires

Question 52

The cloaca functions in ____.

A)excretion only
B)ingestion only
C)reproduction only
D)ingestion and excretion
E)excretion and reproduction

Question 53

Four of the five answers below characterize one group of chordates. Select the exception.

A)feathers
B)endothermic
C)four-chambered heart
D)hollow skeleton
E)small teeth

Question 54

Which types of fish have gill slits hidden beneath a gill cover?

A)jawless fishes
B)cartilaginous fishes
C)bony fishes
D)sharks and rays
E)lampreys and hagfish

Question 55

Which body feature in birds is a necessity to allow powerful flight muscles to operate?

A)a beak
B)hollow, light-weight bones
C)a cloaca
D)the keel of the sternum
E)keen eyesight

Question 56

Birds differ from other reptiles in that birds ____.

A)have four limbs
B)lay amniotic eggs
C)maintain a constant body temperature
D)fertilize eggs internally
E)possess a dorsal nerve cord

Question 57

The evolution of shoulders with an extensive range of motion allowed primates to ____.

A)manipulate tools
B)hunt more effectively
C)protect themselves from predators
D)walk upright
E)climb trees

Question 58

The evolutionary trend of bipedalism refers to ____.

A)walking that involves supporting weight on knuckles
B)habitual upright walking
C)use of two hands to swing through the trees as monkeys do
D)precise gripping with fingers
E)using feet as well as hands for grasping

Question 59

Which existing reptile group is most closely related to birds?

A)crocodilians
B)lizards
C)snakes
D)tuataras
E)turtles

Question 60

Four of the five answers are traits of amphibians. Select the exception.

A)carnivores
B)amniote
C)scaleless
D)land dwelling
E)typically breed in water

Question 61

Match the animal group to the correct description.
a.jawless fish
b.cartilaginous fish
c.lobe-finned fish
d.amphibians
e.ray-finned fish
Some members of this group are fully terrestrial except for reproduction.

Question 62

Match the animal group to the correct description.
a.jawless fish
b.cartilaginous fish
c.lobe-finned fish
d.amphibians
e.ray-finned fish
Lampreys could qualify for membership in this group.

Question 63

Match the animal group to the correct description.
a.jawless fish
b.cartilaginous fish
c.lobe-finned fish
d.amphibians
e.ray-finned fish
Members of this group do not have bones in their fins.

Question 64

Match the animal group to the correct description.
a.jawless fish
b.cartilaginous fish
c.lobe-finned fish
d.amphibians
e.ray-finned fish
Members of this group have cartilaginous skeletons but also possess jaws.

Question 65

What skeletal adaptations allowed fishes to evolve into four-legged walkers and land dwellers?

Question 66

The notochord in embryos serves a similar function to the ____ in adults.

A)nervous system only
B)spinal cord only
C)skeletal system
D)skin system
E)nervous system and spinal cord

Question 67

Match the species to the correct description.
a.overlapped and interbred with modern humans
b.appeared in the fossil record about 1.8 mya to about 53,000 years ago; bipedal with a larger cranial cavity
c.lived from approximately 2.3-1.4 mya; stone tools are often found in the same area as these fossils
d.appeared in the fossil record about 195,000 years ago
e.a possible third species overlapping with anatomically modern humans
Homo sapiens

Question 68

What is the main reason that duck-billed platypuses are classified as mammals rather than birds? Consider that they possess a bill, as do birds, and lay eggs rather than give birth to live young like other mammals.

Question 69

Match the species to the correct description.
a.overlapped and interbred with modern humans
b.appeared in the fossil record about 1.8 mya to about 53,000 years ago; bipedal with a larger cranial cavity
c.lived from approximately 2.3-1.4 mya; stone tools are often found in the same area as these fossils
d.appeared in the fossil record about 195,000 years ago
e.a possible third species overlapping with anatomically modern humans
Homo floresiensis

Question 70

What characteristics define mammals?

Question 71

What nonskeletal adaptations allowed fishes to evolve into land dwellers?

Question 72

Match the animal group to the correct description.
a.jawless fish
b.cartilaginous fish
c.lobe-finned fish
d.amphibians
e.ray-finned fish
Members of one unusual group may have been ancestors of amphibians.

Question 73

Match the species to the correct description.
a.overlapped and interbred with modern humans
b.appeared in the fossil record about 1.8 mya to about 53,000 years ago; bipedal with a larger cranial cavity
c.lived from approximately 2.3-1.4 mya; stone tools are often found in the same area as these fossils
d.appeared in the fossil record about 195,000 years ago
e.a possible third species overlapping with anatomically modern humans
Homo habilis

Question 74

Match the species to the correct description.
a.overlapped and interbred with modern humans
b.appeared in the fossil record about 1.8 mya to about 53,000 years ago; bipedal with a larger cranial cavity
c.lived from approximately 2.3-1.4 mya; stone tools are often found in the same area as these fossils
d.appeared in the fossil record about 195,000 years ago
e.a possible third species overlapping with anatomically modern humans
Homo erectus

Question 75

Match the species to the correct description.
a.overlapped and interbred with modern humans
b.appeared in the fossil record about 1.8 mya to about 53,000 years ago; bipedal with a larger cranial cavity
c.lived from approximately 2.3-1.4 mya; stone tools are often found in the same area as these fossils
d.appeared in the fossil record about 195,000 years ago
e.a possible third species overlapping with anatomically modern humans
Homo neanderthalensis

Question 76

The diversity of the fishes exceeds that of all other vertebrate groups. Within the fishes, the most diverse group is the ____.

A)jawless fishes
B)ray-finned fishes
C)lobe-finned fishes
D)hagfish and lampreys
E)cartilaginous fishes