Deck 12: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

Question 1

-Identify the locations in the accompanying figure where sperm are produced.

A)A only
B)B only
C)C only
D)B and D
E)A and C

Answer 1

A and C

Question 2

Which cell is diploid?

A)zygote
B)germ cell
C)egg
D)sperm
E)gamete

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A child more strongly resembles the maternal grandmother than the maternal grandfather. One explanation could be due to random chromosome alignment during which stage of the mother's gamete formation?

A)prophase I
B)metaphase I
C)telophase I
D)metaphase II
E)anaphase II

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Dogs have a diploid chromosome number of 78. How many chromosomes do their gametes have?

A)26
B)39
C)78
D)156
E)234

Question 5

Asexual reproduction is/was evolutionarily advantageous ____.

A)for organisms that participate in predator/prey relationships
B)only on ancient Earth, as it is not currently observed in any animal species
C)in favorable, unchanging environments
D)in constantly changing environments
E)only when organisms can also reproduce sexually

Question 6

During meiosis II, ____.

A)cytokinesis results in the formation of a total of two cells
B)sister chromatids separate
C)homologous chromosomes pair up
D)homologous chromosomes separate
E)sister chromatids exchange parts

Question 7

The main evolutionary advantage of sexual over asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction produces _____.

A)more offspring per individual
B)more variation among offspring
C)identical offspring
D)offspring in a method that requires less energy from the parents
E)more specialized offspring

Question 8

The stage of meiosis that makes descendant cells haploid is ____.

A)prophase I
B)prophase II
C)anaphase I
D)anaphase II
E)metaphase I

Question 9

​Which statement correctly describes chromosome segregation during meiosis?

A)​Each new nucleus contains a different number of chromosomes.
B)​Homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase II.
C)​Maternal and paternal chromosomes segregate randomly.
D)​Two nuclei contain only maternal chromosomes and the other two nuclei contain only paternal chromosomes.
E)​Each new nucleus contains the maternal and paternal chromosome for each homologous pair.

Question 10

Compare mitosis and meiosis. Which statement is accurate?

A)Both processes are forms of asexual reproduction.
B)Both processes result in four cells.
C)Crossing over occurs in both.
D)Chromatids are present only in mitosis.
E)Meiosis II resembles mitosis.

Question 11

Meiosis is necessary for _____.

A)asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes
B)growth in multicelled species
C)sexual reproduction
D)asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes
E)cellular repair in multicelled species

Question 12

Crossing over is one of the most important events in meiosis because ____.

A)it produces new combinations of alleles on chromosomes
B)homologous chromosomes must be separated into different daughter cells
C)the number of chromosomes allotted to each daughter cell must be halved
D)homologous chromatids must be separated into different daughter cells
E)it decreases genetic diversity

Question 13

The process of crossing over ____.

A)generally results in binary fission
B)involves nucleoli
C)involves breakages and exchanges being made between sister chromatids
D)involves breakages and exchanges being made between homologous chromosomes
E)involves random assortment of homologues during metaphase

Question 14

Chromosomal DNA is duplicated in ____.

A)prophase I
B)metaphase I
C)interphase
D)prophase II
E)anaphase II

Question 15

In asexual reproduction, new combinations of genes arise by ____.

A)mutation
B)random segregation of chromosomes into gametes
C)random assortment of gametes
D)crossing over
E)random mating

Question 16

Homologous chromosomes may differ from each other in terms of ____.

A)size
B)shape
C)position of the centromere
D)alleles
E)number of genes

Question 17

Which cell type contains only one set of chromosomes?

A)zygote
B)somatic cells
C)gamete
D)diploid
E)skin cells

Question 18

Sister chromatids are separated during ____ of meiosis.

A)metaphase I
B)anaphase I
C)telophase I
D)anaphase II
E)prophase II

Question 19

Copies of chromosomes linked together at their centromeres at the beginning of meiosis are called ____ chromatids.

A)mother
B)daughter
C)sister
D)homologous
E)duplicated

Question 20

If a diploid organism has a genome consisting of 4 chromosomes, it can produce ____ different combinations of chromosomes through meiosis (disregarding crossing over).

A)4
B)8
C)12
D)16
E)64

Question 21

If meiosis did not occur in sexually reproducing organisms, ____.

A)the zygote would be haploid
B)gametes would be haploid
C)mitosis would be sufficient
D)the chromosome number would double in each generation
E)eggs would be diploid but sperm would be haploid

Question 22

Match the following stages with the corresponding chromosome number in human cells.
a.23, haploid
b.23, diploid
c.46, haploid
d.46, diploid
gamete

Question 23

Gamete formation ____.

A)is the result of the process of mitosis
B)involves the pairing of nonhomologous chromosomes
C)gives rise to eggs or sperm in animals
D)involves the formation of the zygote
E)is a process that occurs only in asexually reproducing organisms

Question 24

-Identify the locations in the accompanying figure where eggs (ova) are produced.

A)A and D
B)B and C
C)A and B
D)B and D
E)B and E

Question 25

What is one of the very important differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A)Chromosomes align midway between spindle poles only in meiosis.
B)Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material only in meiosis.
C)DNA is replicated only before mitosis.
D)Sister chromatids separate only in meiosis.
E)Interphase occurs only before mitosis.

Question 26

Which process is a nuclear division mechanism that halves the chromosome number and is a necessary part of gamete formation and sexual reproduction?

A)prokaryotic fission
B)mitosis
C)meiosis
D)cytokinesis
E)S phase

Question 27

Homologous chromosomes separate during ____.

A)anaphase I
B)anaphase II
C)metaphase I
D)metaphase II
E)telophase II

Question 28

Which reproductive strategy would allow the most rapid adaptation to a changing environment?

A)asexual reproduction
B)sexual reproduction
C)simultaneous sexual and asexual reproduction
D)switching between sexual and asexual reproduction
E)all of these strategies are equally adaptive

Question 29

Crossing over occurs in ____.

A)prophase I
B)interphase
C)anaphase II
D)metaphase I
E)telophase II

Question 30

Each of the cells formed after meiosis I are ____.

A)diploid
B)tetraploid
C)in synapsis
D)ready to be fertilized
E)haploid

Question 31

Sexual reproduction ____.

A)leads to uniform characteristics in a population
B)results in new combinations of genetic traits
C)produces genetic clones
D)requires less tissue differentiation than asexual reproduction
E)only requires mitosis

Question 32

Crossing over mixes up ____.

A)alleles on nonhomologous chromosomes
B)alleles on homologous chromosomes
C)zygotes
D)chromosome number
E)sister chromatids

Question 33

Approximately ____ percent of a sexual reproducer's genes is passed on to each offspring.​

A)​10
B)​30
C)​50
D)​75
E)​100

Question 34

Meiosis ____ the parental chromosome number.

A)doubles
B)halves
C)maintains
D)mixes up
E)quadruples

Question 35

If a parent cell of a certain organism has 16 chromosomes and undergoes meiosis, the resulting cells will have ____ chromosomes.

A)64
B)32
C)16
D)8
E)4

Question 36

​Alleles of a gene ____.

A)​are located at different positions on homologous chromosomes
B)​are located at different positions on sister chromatids
C)​encode identical versions of the gene's product
D)​have slightly different DNA sequences
E)​are found on different chromosomes

Question 37

Sexually reproducing populations of New Zealand mudsnails are more competitive than asexual reproducers in ____ environments.​

A)​low-phosphate
B)​high-phosphate
C)​low-oxygen
D)​high-oxygen
E)​low-sulfur

Question 38

Match the following stages with the corresponding chromosome number in human cells.
a.23, haploid
b.23, diploid
c.46, haploid
d.46, diploid
germ cell

Question 39

Meiosis typically results in the production of ____ cell(s).

A)one diploid
B)four diploid
C)four haploid
D)two haploid
E)one triploid

Question 40

Which situation is most probable at a metaphase I alignment?

A)All maternal chromosomes are on the same side.
B)All paternal chromosomes are on the same side.
C)Each side has a mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
D)Each side consists of half paternal and half maternal chromosomes.
E)All of these are equally probable.

Question 41

Use the accompanying figure to match the cells in the figure to the correct phase in meiosis. The top figure panel is phases of meiosis I; the bottom panel is phases of meiosis II.

-anaphase I

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G
H)H

Question 42

Use the accompanying figure to match the cells in the figure to the correct phase in meiosis. The top figure panel is phases of meiosis I; the bottom panel is phases of meiosis II.

-telophase I?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G
H)H

Question 43

Match each term with the correct description.
a.DNA duplication occurs in this phase.b.Homologous chromosomes condense, pair up, and swap segments.c.Homologous chromosome pairs align on the equator.d.Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.e.A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes to produce four haploid (n) nuclei.f.Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.g.As in mitosis, duplicated chromosomes align on the equator.h.Two nuclei formed; each has a complete set of chromosomes.i.Spindle formation in two cells.
prophase II

Question 44

Match each term with the correct description.
a.DNA duplication occurs in this phase.b.Homologous chromosomes condense, pair up, and swap segments.c.Homologous chromosome pairs align on the equator.d.Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.e.A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes to produce four haploid (n) nuclei.f.Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.g.As in mitosis, duplicated chromosomes align on the equator.h.Two nuclei formed; each has a complete set of chromosomes.i.Spindle formation in two cells.
anaphase I

Question 45

Match the following stages with the corresponding chromosome number in human cells.
a.23, haploid
b.23, diploid
c.46, haploid
d.46, diploid
daughter cell after meiosis I

Question 46

Match each term with the correct description.
a.DNA duplication occurs in this phase.b.Homologous chromosomes condense, pair up, and swap segments.c.Homologous chromosome pairs align on the equator.d.Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.e.A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes to produce four haploid (n) nuclei.f.Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.g.As in mitosis, duplicated chromosomes align on the equator.h.Two nuclei formed; each has a complete set of chromosomes.i.Spindle formation in two cells.
metaphase I

Question 47

Use the accompanying figure to match the cells in the figure to the correct phase in meiosis. The top figure panel is phases of meiosis I; the bottom panel is phases of meiosis II.

-metaphase II?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G
H)H

Question 48

Use the accompanying figure to match the cells in the figure to the correct phase in meiosis. The top figure panel is phases of meiosis I; the bottom panel is phases of meiosis II.

-metaphase I?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G
H)H

Question 49

Match each term with the correct description.
a.DNA duplication occurs in this phase.b.Homologous chromosomes condense, pair up, and swap segments.c.Homologous chromosome pairs align on the equator.d.Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.e.A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes to produce four haploid (n) nuclei.f.Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.g.As in mitosis, duplicated chromosomes align on the equator.h.Two nuclei formed; each has a complete set of chromosomes.i.Spindle formation in two cells.
telophase I

Question 50

Use the accompanying figure to match the cells in the figure to the correct phase in meiosis. The top figure panel is phases of meiosis I; the bottom panel is phases of meiosis II.

-anaphase II?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G
H)H

Question 51

Use the accompanying figure to match the cells in the figure to the correct phase in meiosis. The top figure panel is phases of meiosis I; the bottom panel is phases of meiosis II.

-prophase I

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G
H)H

Question 52

Use the accompanying figure to match the cells in the figure to the correct phase in meiosis. The top figure panel is phases of meiosis I; the bottom panel is phases of meiosis II.

-telophase II

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G
H)H

Question 53

Match each term with the correct description.
a.DNA duplication occurs in this phase.b.Homologous chromosomes condense, pair up, and swap segments.c.Homologous chromosome pairs align on the equator.d.Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.e.A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes to produce four haploid (n) nuclei.f.Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.g.As in mitosis, duplicated chromosomes align on the equator.h.Two nuclei formed; each has a complete set of chromosomes.i.Spindle formation in two cells.
metaphase II

Question 54

Match each term with the correct description.
a.DNA duplication occurs in this phase.b.Homologous chromosomes condense, pair up, and swap segments.c.Homologous chromosome pairs align on the equator.d.Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.e.A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes to produce four haploid (n) nuclei.f.Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.g.As in mitosis, duplicated chromosomes align on the equator.h.Two nuclei formed; each has a complete set of chromosomes.i.Spindle formation in two cells.
anaphase II

Question 55

Match each term with the correct description.
a.DNA duplication occurs in this phase.b.Homologous chromosomes condense, pair up, and swap segments.c.Homologous chromosome pairs align on the equator.d.Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.e.A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes to produce four haploid (n) nuclei.f.Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.g.As in mitosis, duplicated chromosomes align on the equator.h.Two nuclei formed; each has a complete set of chromosomes.i.Spindle formation in two cells.
interphase

Question 56

Match the following stages with the corresponding chromosome number in human cells.

-zygote

A)23, haploid
B)23, diploid
C)46, haploid
D)46, diploid

Question 57

Match each term with the correct description.
a.DNA duplication occurs in this phase.b.Homologous chromosomes condense, pair up, and swap segments.c.Homologous chromosome pairs align on the equator.d.Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.e.A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes to produce four haploid (n) nuclei.f.Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.g.As in mitosis, duplicated chromosomes align on the equator.h.Two nuclei formed; each has a complete set of chromosomes.i.Spindle formation in two cells.
prophase I

Question 58

Match the following stages with the corresponding chromosome number in human cells.
a.23, haploid
b.23, diploid
c.46, haploid
d.46, diploid
daughter cell after meiosis II

Question 59

Match the following stages with the corresponding chromosome number in human cells.
a.23, haploid
b.23, diploid
c.46, haploid
d.46, diploid
daughter cell after mitosis

Question 60

Use the accompanying figure to match the cells in the figure to the correct phase in meiosis. The top figure panel is phases of meiosis I; the bottom panel is phases of meiosis II.

-prophase II

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G
H)H

Question 61

Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?

Question 62

Match each term with the correct description.

-telophase II

A)DNA duplication occurs in this phase.
B)Homologous chromosomes condense, pair up, and swap segments.
C)Homologous chromosome pairs align on the equator.
D)Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
E)A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes to produce four haploid (n) nuclei.
F)Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.
G)As in mitosis, duplicated chromosomes align on the equator.
H)Two nuclei formed; each has a complete set of chromosomes.
I)Spindle formation in two cells.

Question 63

What adaptation have the freshwater bdelloid rotifers used to allow them to acquire genetic diversity while reproducing only via asexual reproduction?

Question 64

How do the products of meiosis differ from those of mitosis?

Question 65

Imagine that allele "A" of a gene is present on the maternal chromosome and allele "a" is present on the paternal chromosome following crossing over during prophase I. When do the alleles "A" and "a" separate into daughter cells? Does this occur after meiosis I or meiosis II, and why?

Question 66

-The cell in the diagram below is in anaphase I, not anaphase II. How do we know this?

Question 67

Genes for specific traits (e.g., hair color) are located at specific spots on a chromosome. Is it possible for a maternal allele for blonde hair to be switched to the paternal chromosome of the homologous pair during meiosis?

Question 68

​Explain the relationship between germ cells and gametes for both plants and animals.