Deck 15: Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Question 1

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)is most accurately defined as the use and practice of therapies or diagnostic techniques that:

A) fall outside of conventional medicine.
B) are completely natural.
C) are unproven.
D) tap the body's natural healing tendencies.

Answer 1

fall outside of conventional medicine.

Question 2

Holistic medicine appeals to many people in part because it:

A) encourages doctors to focus on the fine details of each patient's symptoms.
B) is overspecialized.
C) is highly fragmented.
D) avoids the narrow specialization of conventional biomedicine.

Answer 2

avoids the narrow specialization of conventional biomedicine.

Question 3

The concept of qi,a life force flowing throughout the body,is central to:

A) homeopathic medicine.
B) naturopathic medicine.
C) traditional Chinese medicine.
D) evidence-based medicine.

Answer 3

traditional Chinese medicine.

Question 4

Vitalism,which is popular in some varieties of complementary and alternative medicine,is the concept of:

A) a higher spiritual force.
B) a general life force.
C) collective consciousness.
D) dissociation of consciousness.

Question 5

Anecdotal evidence is based on:

A) subjective opinions.
B) statistical significance.
C) double-blind laboratory studies.
D) randomized control trials.

Question 6

The ideals of complementary and alternative medicine include all of these EXCEPT:

A) to be holistic.
B) to be natural.
C) to promote vitalism.
D) to promote wellness.

Question 7

Isabel's doctor combines traditional biomedical interventions with evidence-based complementary and alternative medical therapies to treat her patients.This doctor is practicing:

A) integrative medicine.
B) psychosomatic medicine.
C) ayurvedic medicine.
D) naturopathic medicine.

Question 8

The approach to health care that promotes the collection,interpretation,and integration of the best research in making decisions about patient care is:

A) evidence-based medicine.
B) allopathic medicine.
C) holistic medicine.
D) complementary and alternative medicine.

Question 9

Who is most likely to seek CAM?

A) Uriel,a man who was hospitalized three months ago for a back problem
B) Mae,a woman who was hospitalized three months ago for depression
C) Bruno,a man who dropped out of high school
D) Yessica,a woman who dropped out of high school

Question 10

Although her doctor has done nothing but examine her arthritic hands,elderly Mae feels less pain,apparently because she believes that the doctor has done something for her.Mae's improvement is an example of:

A) the placebo effect.
B) the regression effect.
C) spontaneous remission.
D) observer expectancy.

Question 11

The use of complementary and alternative medicine is:

A) decreasing from its peak in the mid-1990s.
B) greater in the United States than anywhere else in the world.
C) increasing throughout the world.
D) much greater among men than among women.

Question 12

Which of these is NOT one of the major domains of complementary and alternative medicine that are recognized by the National Institutes of Health?

A) mind and body medicine
B) natural products
C) CAM practices based on biofields
D) wellness therapies

Question 13

The medical school anecdote about Mr.Wright,who relapsed when he lost confidence in the cure he once believed in,illustrates the operation of _____ in medical treatments.

A) the regression effect
B) the Krebiozen effect
C) observer expectancy
D) the placebo effect

Question 14

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)is used MOST often by:

A) men.
B) people with higher levels of education.
C) people who have been hospitalized with intestinal problems.
D) young adults.

Question 15

The biggest challenge facing advocates of alternative therapies is to:

A) gather supportive data using the standards of an evidence-based analysis.
B) get quack practitioners out of the picture.
C) convince the general public to give alternative therapies a try.
D) convince the Food and Drug Administration to drop its restrictive licensing requirements.

Question 16

Qi refers to:

A) a vital energy or life force.
B) each person's natural constitution,according to ayurvedic medicine.
C) the power of belief in an alternative practitioner.
D) a biomechanical imbalance in the vertebra of the spine.

Question 17

A number of unconventional therapies consider the physical,mental,emotional,and spiritual needs of the client.In other words,these therapies are examples of:

A) holistic medicine.
B) allopathic medicine.
C) chelation therapy.
D) energy therapies.

Question 18

Allopathic medicine refers to:

A) diagnostic therapies that are not taught in most medical schools.
B) traditional biomedicine.
C) alternative therapies based on Eastern spirituality.
D) an approach that considers not only physical health but also the emotional,spiritual,social,and psychological well-being of the person.

Question 19

Critics of unconventional therapies have raised all of these points EXCEPT:

A) that many CAM trials include too few participants.
B) that CAM evidence is often based on informal anecdotal evidence.
C) that CAM research often makes use of invalid treatment outcome measures.
D) that CAM evidence relies exclusively on qualitative research.

Question 20

Most illnesses tend to be:

A) cyclical.
B) self-limiting.
C) cyclical,self-limiting conditions.
D) unpredictable in nature.

Question 21

The traditional Chinese medicine in which fine needles are inserted into the skin in order to relieve pain is:

A) chiropractic.
B) biomedicine.
C) naturopathy.
D) acupuncture.

Question 22

Hypnosis seems to be most effective in helping people manage:

A) acute pain.
B) chronic pain.
C) recurrent pain.
D) clinical pain.

Question 23

To help him relax,Rick is learning to pay nonjudgmental,in-the-moment attention to his changing perceptions and thoughts.Rick is evidently practicing:

A) mindfulness meditation.
B) transcendental meditation.
C) tai chi.
D) yoga.

Question 24

The most widely used alternative treatment for substance abuse is:

A) hypnosis.
B) meditation.
C) homeopathy.
D) acupuncture.

Question 25

Biofeedback converts _____ into electrical signals.

A) emotional responses
B) physiological responses
C) thoughts
D) psychological constructs

Question 26

Which of these CAM techniques has the highest success rate?

A) hypnosis
B) chiropractic
C) tai chi and yoga
D) acupuncture

Question 27

Acupuncture theory identifies 14 lines of energy called:

A) prakti.
B) chi.
C) meridians.
D) doshas.

Question 28

Fabrizio Benedetti found that _____ injections of placebos were more effective in reducing pain than _____ injections.

A) hidden; visible
B) visible; hidden
C) predictable; unpredictable
D) unpredictable; predictable

Question 29

According to the conditioning explanation of the placebo effect,over years of treatment,the physician's white coat,the disinfectant smell in a waiting room,and the taste of each pill that is swallowed function as:

A) unconditioned stimuli.
B) unconditioned responses.
C) conditioned stimuli.
D) conditioned responses.

Question 30

Physiologically,hypnosis is accompanied by:

A) a generalized decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity.
B) an outpouring of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
C) increased oxygen consumption.
D) increased elimination of carbon dioxide.

Question 31

To help her relax,Brittany practices a daily routine in which she focuses her awareness on a personally meaningful phrase,or mantra.Brittany is evidently practicing:

A) mindfulness meditation.
B) transcendental meditation.
C) tai chi.
D) yoga.

Question 32

According to Tilburt and colleagues (2008),_____ of American physicians believe placebos are beneficial and prescribe them to their patients.

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Question 33

Health psychologists generally believe that hypnotic phenomena:

A) do not exist.
B) reflect a truly altered state of consciousness.
C) reflect the workings of normal consciousness.
D) are unreproducible.

Question 34

Which of these therapies does NOT belong with the others?

A) hypnosis
B) relaxation
C) meditation
D) naturopathy

Question 35

A recent meta-analysis of studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)found that needle acupuncture produced:

A) no change in neural activity anywhere in the brain.
B) decreased neural activity in the amygdala and hippocampus.
C) decreased neural activity in the basal ganglia and brain stem.
D) decreased neural activity in the cerebellum.

Question 36

Which of these does the textbook NOT offer as an explanation of how relaxation and meditation might promote health?

A) These techniques provide relief from stress,muscle tension,anxiety,and negative emotionality,all of which increase a person's vulnerability to ill health.
B) Relaxation and meditation bolster the immune system.
C) Relaxation and meditation may alter a person's emotional response to symptoms.
D) People who regularly practice relaxation or meditation techniques tend to have healthier lifestyles.

Question 37

In one experiment,Herbert Benson reported that while meditating,experienced practitioners experience:

A) increased metabolism.
B) decreased oxygen consumption.
C) lowered blood sugar levels.
D) increased carbon dioxide elimination.

Question 38

Herbert Benson's classic experiment on relaxation and meditation found all of these physiological and metabolic changes EXCEPT:

A) reduction in the number of high-frequency delta brain waves.
B) reduction of lactate in the bloodstream.
C) reduction in the number of breaths taken each minute.
D) reduction in consumption of oxygen.

Question 39

As part of a study,Lina was given a sugar pill that should not cause any harm.However,after taking the pill,Lina reported uncomfortable side effects.In this scenario,a _____ response occurred.

A) meaning
B) conditioned
C) nocebo
D) placebo

Question 40

Regarding the effectiveness of acupuncture as a pain treatment,which conclusion is drawn in the textbook?

A) Acupuncture is an unproven therapy.
B) Acupuncture is more effective as a treatment for addiction.
C) Acupuncture provides some patients with some relief from some painful conditions.
D) Acupuncture is more effective than all but the most potent analgesic medications.

Question 41

Probiotics are:

A) also called botanicals.
B) derived from the leaves,stems,and flowers of plants.
C) dangerous,unapproved food supplements.
D) bacteria and other live microorganisms that may have health benefits.

Question 42

What does a chiropractor do before performing an adjustment?

A) hypnotize the patient
B) palpate the patient's vertebrae
C) monitor biofeedback
D) meditate

Question 43

The only major forms of CAM originally developed in the United States are:

A) naturopathy and homeopathy.
B) mindfulness meditation and herbology.
C) chiropractic and osteopathy.
D) herbology and magnet therapy.

Question 44

Which of these is NOT one of the basic principles of naturopathic medicine?

A) Act as a student.
B) Treat the whole person.
C) Help nature heal.
D) Find the underlying cause.

Question 45

To help Ron recover from a cold,his mother made him a potent solution from roots and bark.Ron's mom MOST likely made him a:

A) decoction.
B) tincture.
C) probiotic.
D) pharmacopoeia.

Question 46

Connor,who suffers from asthma and depression,has become involved in a psychophysiological intervention research study in which he is monitored closely by means of a number of electrodes that record the variations in a number of his physiological systems,including his respiratory and cardiovascular system.He is asked many times to adjust his breathing in specific intervals until a desired pattern is observed in his physiological readings.What intervention is Connor participating in?

A) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
B) biofeedback
C) yoga
D) transcendental meditation

Question 47

Most herbs in the United States are marketed as food supplements because:

A) none have any documented effectiveness.
B) it is illegal to recommend an herb as a treatment for anything.
C) they must be taken along with food to be effective.
D) packaging laws mandate full labeling of contents.

Question 48

The holistic care system that draws from homeopathy,herbal remedies,and traditional Chinese medicine is:

A) homeopathic medicine.
B) ayurvedic medicine.
C) acupuncture.
D) naturopathic medicine.

Question 49

In modulating physiological responses,biofeedback:

A) is ineffective.
B) is more effective with adults than with children.
C) enables people to consistently control their internal,involuntary responses.
D) offers no advantage over other behavioral techniques such as relaxation training.

Question 50

Dr.John Harvey Kellogg was an early advocate of:

A) naturopathic medicine.
B) ayurvedic medicine.
C) acupuncture.
D) homeopathy.

Question 51

Approximately _____ of adults in the United States take vitamin supplements,even though most medical experts have yet to fully endorse nutritional supplementation.

A) 86%
B) 56%
C) 66%
D) 76%

Question 52

Overall,research on biofeedback has shown that biofeedback:

A) is ineffective in reducing stress.
B) conveys no advantage over other,simpler behavioral techniques,such as relaxation training.
C) is more effective with adults than with children.
D) works best with people who are also highly suggestible.

Question 53

Critics of chiropractic treatment point out that:

A) misaligned vertebrae are very uncommon.
B) misaligned vertebrae are common and harmless.
C) chiropractic manipulation is useless but harmless.
D) a sound nervous system is the foundation of overall health.

Question 54

In herbal medicine,tonics are herbs that:

A) have potent actions and are used to treat illness.
B) promote perspiration and nervousness.
C) have a general healing effect.
D) have anti-inflammatory effects.

Question 55

The pharmacopoeia is:

A) a compilation of plant,animal,and mineral agents.
B) an examination of a patient's overall physical and mental state.
C) an ancient health system that focuses on maintaining an inner state of harmony.
D) the predominant form of alternative medicine practiced in India.

Question 56

The two forms of food supplement therapy are:

A) nutritional medicine and megadose therapy.
B) homeopathy and naturopathy.
C) herbalism and homeopathy.
D) herbalism and naturopathy.

Question 57

An alternative therapy that has achieved mainstream acceptance is:

A) acupuncture.
B) relaxation training.
C) hypnosis.
D) chiropractic.

Question 58

Which of these terms describes substances that have long been available in Europe and are becoming increasingly available in the United States,and that seem to be more effective,perhaps due to higher dosages than those found in dried herbs?

A) essential extracts
B) standardized extracts
C) elemental extracts
D) homogeneous extracts

Question 59

Dana uses herbs and specific rituals to heal her patients.Dana is MOST likely a:

A) masseuse.
B) nurse.
C) chiropractor.
D) shaman.

Question 60

A health psychologist would most likely use biofeedback to provide clients with information about their:

A) pain threshold.
B) LDL cholesterol level.
C) blood pressure.
D) muscular strength.

Question 61

Ed's doctor advises him to avoid several "trigger" foods,including wheat and dairy products.The doctor apparently believes Ed has a:

A) macrobiotic reaction.
B) nutritional deficit.
C) repetitive food disorder.
D) food allergy.

Question 62

Critically evaluate the effectiveness of hypnosis as an effective pain-management intervention.

Question 63

Define complementary and alternative medicine,then discuss the fundamental domains and ideals that support the foundation of complementary and alternative medical practice.In your discussion,be sure to identify and discuss recent trends related to the acceptability of complementary and alternative medical practice today.

Question 64

Which statement is TRUE regarding the acceptability of unconventional therapies in traditional biomedicine?

A) Health care in the United States is moving toward a more open-minded view of unconventional medicine.
B) Conventional medicine is more critical of alternative therapies today than ever before.
C) Hypnosis and meditation have been widely accepted within traditional medicine,but other therapies have not been accepted.
D) Dietary medicine and acupuncture have been widely accepted within traditional medicine,but other therapies have not been accepted.

Question 65

The Feingold diet eliminates food colorings,artificial flavors,and highly processed foods as a treatment for:

A) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B) hypertension.
C) cancer.
D) diabetes.

Question 66

Explain the basic premise underlying mind-body therapies.Name the four most popular mind-body therapies.

Question 67

Greg loves learning about plants,believing they have the properties to heal many conditions in the place of pharmaceuticals.He collects herbs to prepare in different ways.Some preparations he concocts to have a gentle,healing effect,while others he prepares to treat illness.What are the types of herbal remedies that Greg prepares? Are they likely to be effective?

Question 68

Identify the basic principles of naturopathy,and discuss the pros and cons of herbal medicine and food supplement therapy,giving specific examples.

Question 69

Explain why conventional physicians and practitioners of alternative treatments have a clash of cultures when it comes to what constitutes acceptable research evidence.

Question 70

Describe a typical chiropractic intervention,and critically evaluate whether chiropractic treatment is effective.

Question 71

The Pritikin and Ornish diets have been demonstrated to be effective in _____ in people with _____.

A) lowering insulin levels; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) lowering glucagon; hypertension
C) raising white blood counts; cancer
D) lowering blood glucose levels; diabetes

Question 72

According to Eisenberg (1997),before her patients pursue a CAM consultation,Dr.Ambrose should:

A) ensure that her patients understand their symptoms.
B) maintain records of patients' symptoms,but ignore irrelevant details such as patient opinions.
C) attend the consultation herself to learn about the techniques used.
D) remind her patients of their rights.

Question 73

Dr.Kowalski is a medical doctor who practices allopathic medicine.She has a patient,Raina,who is experiencing acute pain and is interested in a consultation for hypnosis.Before recommending Raina to pursue a CAM consultation,what should Dr.Kowalski do?

Question 74

Critically evaluate the evidence in support of acupuncture's purported effectiveness as a treatment for pain and addiction.

Question 75

Your friend is a student in medical school who is interested in exploring complementary and alternative medical approaches.He specifically wants your opinion on relaxation and meditation techniques.Describe several relaxation and meditation techniques in detail,and explain how these therapies might promote improved health and wellness in his future medical practice.