Deck 10: Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes

Question 1

Restriction of blood flow and oxygen to the cerebrum results in:

A) an embolism.
B) angina pectoris.
C) a myocardial infarction.
D) a stroke.

Answer 1

a stroke.

Question 2

Which finding suggests that gender may NOT be a true risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

A) Estrogen has not been linked to CVD prevalence.
B) Testosterone has been linked with aggression and competitiveness.
C) Testosterone levels increase during early adulthood,when the difference in mortality between men and women is at a peak.
D) Some countries exhibit greater gender differences in CVD mortality than other countries.

Answer 2

Some countries exhibit greater gender differences in CVD mortality than other countries.

Question 3

For most individuals,plaque tends to develop in the arterial passageways when people reach this age:

A) their twenties or thirties
B) their thirties and forties
C) their fifties and sixties
D) age 70 or older

Answer 3

their thirties and forties

Question 4

Inflammation in the circulating blood,which is called _____,can contribute to _____.

A) atherogenesis; systemic inflammation
B) systemic inflammation; atherogenesis
C) atherosclerosis; arteriosclerosis
D) arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis

Question 5

The disorder in which deposits of cholesterol and other fats narrow coronary arteries is:

A) angina pectoris.
B) arrhythmia.
C) atherosclerosis.
D) arteriosclerosis.

Question 6

"Hardening of the arteries" describes the disease known as:

A) atherosclerosis.
B) arteriosclerosis.
C) angina pectoris.
D) arrhythmia.

Question 7

Ischemic stroke occurs when:

A) a blood vessel bursts inside the brain.
B) a clot blocks the flow of blood to an area of the brain.
C) a weak spot in an artery balloons out.
D) arteries that supply the heart are narrowed with plaques.

Question 8

Family history strongly predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD),especially for those who have:

A) a close male relative who suffered a heart attack before age 40.
B) a close female relative who suffered a heart attack before age 55.
C) either a close male relative who suffered a heart attack before age 55 or a close female relative who suffered a heart attack before age 65.
D) either a close female relative who suffered a heart attack before age 55 or a male relative who suffered a heart attack after age 65.

Question 9

Gender differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD)mortality may be due to the fact that:

A) testosterone has been linked with aggression and other behaviors that contribute to heart disease.
B) estrogen levels surge at the time of natural menopause.
C) premenopausal women have approximately 20% more blood in their bodies than do men.
D) sex hormone levels decrease during early adulthood.

Question 10

The Framingham Heart Study revolutionized the study of "heart healthy" initiatives.Which statement about the study is NOT true?

A) Previous to this study,epidemiologists studied disease by examining death certificates.
B) The original participants received a complete medical exam,including a myriad of medical tests.
C) The study was instrumental in defining and identifying modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
D) Since its inception,the study has employed a longitudinal and retrospective design that has become the gold standard.

Question 11

Cardiovascular disease takes the lives of _____ as many women as does breast cancer.

A) twice
B) three times
C) half
D) five times

Question 12

The thick,middle layer of the heart muscle itself is the:

A) epicardium.
B) endocardium.
C) myocardium.
D) arterioles.

Question 13

Which of these is considered a controllable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

A) age
B) race
C) family history
D) hypertension

Question 14

Men have roughly the same rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD)as women who are:

A) not yet experiencing menopause.
B) 10 years older.
C) smokers.
D) overweight.

Question 15

Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when:

A) a blood vessel bursts inside the brain.
B) a clot blocks the flow of blood to an area of the brain.
C) a weak spot in an artery balloons out.
D) arteries that supply the heart are narrowed with plaques.

Question 16

Myocardial infarctions:

A) result from loss of oxygen to the cerebrum.
B) are rarely life-threatening.
C) are also called heart attacks.
D) serve as a possible signal of heart disease.

Question 17

This disorder is characterized by a reduction of oxygen to the heart,crushing chest pain,and difficulty in breathing,but no loss of consciousness or damage to the myocardium.

A) stroke
B) arrhythmia
C) myocardial infarction
D) angina pectoris

Question 18

Which statement does NOT suggest a reason why women are twice as likely as men to die following a heart attack?

A) Women with CVD tend to be older than their male counterparts.
B) CVD tends to be diagnosed sooner in men than in women.
C) Women are treated more aggressively than men are.
D) Until recently,women have been underrepresented in clinical studies of CVD.

Question 19

The heart's blood supply comes from the:

A) blood pumped through its internal chambers.
B) coronary arteries that branch into arterioles.
C) capillaries that supply the endocardium.
D) the arterioles that become capillaries.

Question 20

Which ethnic group has been found to experience the highest rates of hypertension?

A) Asian Americans
B) European Americans
C) African Americans
D) Indian Americans

Question 21

Which of these is an effect of stress on the cardiovascular system?

A) lowered blood pressure
B) a decrease in heart rate
C) weaker contractions of the myocardium
D) increased release of epinephrine and cortisol

Question 22

A blood pressure of 170/100 in an adult would be diagnosed as:

A) low normal.
B) normal.
C) borderline hypertension.
D) hypertension.

Question 23

Which risk factor seems to rival regular exposure to secondhand smoke as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

A) cholesterol
B) anxiety
C) depression
D) obesity

Question 24

Researchers have suggested that the prevalence of hypertension among African Americans:

A) is associated with an increased risk of CVD in both men and women.
B) results in higher-than-normal rates of accidental death and suicide in men.
C) is associated with Type 2 diabetes.
D) reflects their greater cardiovascular reactivity to challenging situations.

Question 25

Which statement most accurately expresses the relationship between hypertension and heredity?

A) Genes play little or no role in contributing to high blood pressure.
B) A single gene causes hypertension.
C) Hypertension is caused by mutations in several genes that are passed on from one generation to the next.
D) Although genes may create a biological predisposition to hypertension,heredity alone cannot explain the widespread variation among sociocultural groups.

Question 26

Karina's high-stress job has been linked to the development of her cardiovascular disease.Recently she has had blood clots in her legs; her doctor has placed her on anticoagulants to prevent a stroke or heart attack.What is the name of the condition Karina appears to suffer from?

A) hemophilia
B) hypercoagulable state
C) hemolytic shock
D) hemostatic anemia

Question 27

Researchers have found that low-SES African American men tend to display _____ to racial stressors than high-SES _____.

A) greater cardiovascular reactivity; African American men or women
B) weaker cardiovascular reactivity; African American men
C) faster clotting; African American men or women
D) slower clotting; African American men

Question 28

John Henryism refers to a:

A) type of lifestyle.
B) pattern of reactivity.
C) style of coping.
D) type of racism.

Question 29

Which of these is NOT part of the Type A behavior pattern?

A) competitiveness
B) strong sense of time urgency
C) hostility
D) a high-pressure job

Question 30

Research has linked Type D personality to a cluster of traits that combine:

A) depression with high levels of anxiety.
B) introversion with aggressiveness.
C) introversion with high levels of anxiety.
D) extraversion with aggressiveness.

Question 31

Dr.Martinez believes that people who lack a strong social support network have a higher risk of developing CVD because they are more likely to ignore health warnings about smoking and other health-compromising activities.Dr.Martinez is evidently a proponent of the:

A) health behavior explanation.
B) psychophysiological reactivity model.
C) mind-body model.
D) coronary-prone behavior model.

Question 32

All of these coping behaviors EXCEPT _____ are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease:

A) rumination
B) venting
C) distraction
D) emotional expression

Question 33

Which is NOT a proposed explanation for how hostility and other forms of negative affect are associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease?

A) the health behavior explanation
B) the cardiovascular reactivity model
C) the work environment theory
D) the psychosocial vulnerability hypothesis

Question 34

Which of these is NOT one of the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A) elevated serum triglyceride level
B) low blood sugar
C) obesity
D) hypertension

Question 35

Type A behavior may be most likely when people work at jobs that:

A) are slow-paced and boring.
B) are complex and include mental demands that require skill and training.
C) involve a great deal of repetitive action.
D) are physically and emotionally draining.

Question 36

Stage 2 hypertension is defined as systolic pressure above _____ mmHg or diastolic pressure of more than _____ mmHg.

A) 120; 80
B) 130; 85
C) 140; 90
D) 150; 95

Question 37

Which of these statements about the Type D personality is FALSE?

A) Type D individuals experience negative emotions and interpersonal difficulties leading to feelings of social distance.
B) Individuals with a Type D personality have difficulty expressing their feelings.
C) Type D individuals are at lower risk for CVD than Type A individuals.
D) The Type D personality refers to a distressed behavior pattern.

Question 38

All of these are indicators of cardiovascular reactivity EXCEPT:

A) physical activity
B) heart rate
C) blood pressure
D) hormones

Question 39

Recent research that investigated the Type A behavior pattern has found that _____ may be the most crucial factor in predicting coronary disease.

A) impatience
B) hostility
C) strong sense of time urgency
D) competitiveness

Question 40

With regard to serum cholesterol levels and risk of CVD,research suggests that:

A) a total level of 200 mg/dl or greater doubles the risk.
B) even people with low levels of total cholesterol are at increased risk if the proportions of HDL and LDL are faulty.
C) low-density lipoprotein protects against heart disease.
D) a high ratio of total cholesterol to high-density cholesterol is the healthiest combination.

Question 41

All of these are central to the establishment of effective hostility reduction interventions EXCEPT:

A) hostile people are more likely to encounter stress.
B) antagonistic behaviors may limit opportunities to utilize social support.
C) hostile people are more likely to have stress-busting resources.
D) interventions need to focus on self-monitoring and personal control over anger.

Question 42

Kendra's psychologist has designed an intervention to reduce illness intrusiveness.This type of intervention focuses on:

A) minimizing the disruptive effects of the disease on a patient's life.
B) efforts to stabilize blood sugar levels.
C) eliminating comorbid disorders such as depression.
D) reducing the patient's dependence on blood pressure medication.

Question 43

Hyperglycemia describes a condition of:

A) too little glucose in the blood.
B) too much glucose in the blood.
C) too little insulin in the blood.
D) an imbalance between insulin and glycogen.

Question 44

Why do many patients fail to adhere to prescribed treatment regimens for hypertension?

A) Hypertension is expensive to treat.
B) Hypertension is often symptom-free.
C) Medications prescribed for treating hypertension typically cause unpleasant side effects.
D) The effectiveness of proposed treatments for hypertension remain uncertain.

Question 45

Which of these types of physical activity is most beneficial in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A) helping someone move to a new house
B) doing push-ups
C) housecleaning
D) running

Question 46

Which of these is NOT an example of benefit finding?

A) "I and my partner have grown closer as a result of my illness."
B) "I have learned to accept help from others and to be grateful for it."
C) "The accident made me realize that I need to plan for my family's future."
D) "I need to take better care of myself from now on,so this doesn't happen again."

Question 47

Most people with diabetes:

A) can control their disease by changing their diet,regulating their weight,and exercising regularly.
B) require daily injections of insulin.
C) will also develop cardiovascular disease.
D) are also experiencing a great deal of stress in their lives.

Question 48

Psychological stress may directly contribute to the development of diabetes by triggering:

A) abnormal changes in blood sugar levels.
B) an indifference to the benefits of a healthy diet.
C) lower levels of compliance with treatment regimens.
D) increases in the release of hormones into the bloodstream.

Question 49

Job strain is greatest in jobs that have:

A) high job demands.
B) low decision latitude.
C) high job demands and low decision latitude.
D) low job demands and high decision latitude.

Question 50

Type 1 diabetes:

A) is found in more than 90% of all people with diabetes.
B) usually appears after age 30.
C) is an autoimmune disease in which the person's immune system attacks the insulin- and glucagon-producing cells of the pancreas.
D) is also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

Question 51

Which factor does NOT place a person at greater risk of developing Type 2 diabetes?

A) not exercising regularly
B) being overweight
C) having low socioeconomic status
D) having an elevated HDL cholesterol level

Question 52

Data from the CARDIA study reveal that people with CVD may avoid recurrence by:

A) quitting smoking.
B) improving cholesterol ratios.
C) exercising regularly.
D) drinking wine regularly.

Question 53

Angel,who is 35,has developed an endocrine disorder in which his body is insensitive to insulin.Angel most likely has:

A) Type 1 diabetes.
B) Type 2 diabetes.
C) prediabetes.
D) metabolic syndrome.

Question 54

The lifestyle modifications required to keep diabetes under control essentially involve:

A) stress management.
B) maintaining a healthy body image.
C) self-management.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 55

Dr.Tang is designing a workshop with the goal of reducing levels of diabetes intrusiveness in his patients' lives.Which of these interventions is most likely NOT included in Dr.Tang's workshop?

A) Teaching patients to redefine personal priorities
B) Increasing participation in enjoyable activities
C) Teaching patients to mobilize social support
D) Encouraging patients to get regular checkups

Question 56

Which of these has NOT been empirically found to provide beneficial effects for recovery in heart surgery patients?

A) dispositional optimism
B) strenuous physical therapy
C) religious involvement
D) perceived social support

Question 57

Based on the information provided in the text and the literature,which of these individuals is at the highest risk of being diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes?

A) male,35,African American
B) female,52,Asian American
C) male,27,American Indian
D) female,44,Hispanic

Question 58

Which of these health problems is NOT associated with diabetes?

A) hypoglycemia
B) hyperglycemia
C) blindness
D) gum disease

Question 59

Cultural adaptations to evidence-based interventions for women of Hispanic heritage with Type 2 diabetes,like those mentioned in the text,strive to improve health outcomes in a number of ways,including:

A) increasing glycemic control disparities.
B) social media and commercial advertising.
C) emotion-based coping seminars.
D) increasing acculturation to life in the United States.

Question 60

Self-management is one of the most important goals of diabetes treatment for the sake of achieving:

A) a healthy diet.
B) physical fitness.
C) glycemic control.
D) a positive outlook.

Question 61

You have been assigned to create an educational and supportive workshop for patients who have been diagnosed with diabetes.The workshop should include blood glucose awareness training and interventions geared toward increasing adherence to diabetes treatment regimens.Outline the topics you would want to include in your workshop,and describe the techniques you would use to promote glucose awareness and adherence to diabetes treatment regimens.

Question 62

Using the biopsychosocial (BPS)model as a foundation,create a health profile of a person at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease.Include several factors that are characteristic of each of the three domains of the biopsychosocial model.

Question 63

Describe the major forms and causes of cardiovascular disease,including the underlying physiological processes that differentiate the diseases.Be sure to specifically mention several ways in which these diseases are diagnosed and treated.

Question 64

Describe the various proposed mechanisms through which negative affect can promote cardiovascular disease.

Question 65

Effective weight management is particularly important for patients with diabetes because:

A) it strengthens the ability of the islet cells to produce insulin.
B) it improves the body's ability to regulate glucose.
C) lower body weight is almost always accompanied by lower blood pressure and a lower cholesterol level.
D) it improves patients' self-esteem,which reduces illness's intrusion in their lives.

Question 66

Studies of blood glucose awareness training indicate that:

A) most people with diabetes can learn to recognize the cognitive and behavioral indicators of different blood glucose levels.
B) patients trained in blood glucose awareness are no more accurate in self-monitoring their blood glucose levels than are untrained control patients.
C) gauging blood sugar levels from environmental cues is highly inaccurate.
D) most patients with diabetes have inaccurate beliefs about their blood sugar levels.

Question 67

All of these have been found to be associated with better regulation of blood glucose levels among diabetic patients EXCEPT:

A) assertiveness in acquiring knowledge about diabetes.
B) family involvement.
C) greater confidence in prescribed treatment regimens.
D) the medical school that the patient's doctor attended.

Question 68

What is the human body's circulatory system made up of,and what type of malfunction within the circulatory system can drastically increase a person's risk of developing cardiovascular disease? In your answer,be sure to list and describe the layers of the heart.

Question 69

Distinguish between Type A and Type B personalities,giving clear descriptions and examples.Be sure to address the psychological basis of the Type A personality and the possible links between personality type patterns and cardiovascular disease.

Question 70

Discuss in detail the role of lifestyle interventions in effectively treating patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD).Pay specific attention to what modifications to patient lifestyles are most often recommended,and give empirical evidence of effective intervention.

Question 71

One study found that benefit finding among diabetic adolescents was associated with:

A) greater glucose intolerance.
B) greater insulin resistance.
C) better adherence to diabetes management behaviors.
D) greater cardiovascular reactivity.

Question 72

Describe the difference between controllable risk factors and uncontrollable risk factors,and give examples of each.Describe the relationship between each identified risk factor and the risk of developing heart disease.

Question 73

Differentiate the two basic forms of diabetes mellitus,with particular descriptions of their symptoms,causes,and treatment options.

Question 74

Brian was hospitalized after he experienced a heart attack.Brian shared with the doctors that he has never been able to maintain an exercise regimen,and he admitted that his diet wasn't great.Brian has also recently lost his job and has been experiencing a lot of stress and anxiety.Identify risk factors and describe a treatment plan to help Brian recover and prevent recurrence.