Deck 8: Nutrition, Obesity, and Eating Disorders

Question 1

An individual's basal metabolic rate does NOT depend on:

A) age.
B) gender.
C) height.
D) weight.

Answer 1

height.

Question 2

Electrical stimulation of an animal's ventromedial hypothalamus:

A) stops digestion.
B) increases digestion.
C) creates satiety and decreases or stops eating.
D) increases hunger and eating.

Answer 2

creates satiety and decreases or stops eating.

Question 3

A household that is "food secure" is one that:

A) eats according to the USDA's nutritional guidelines at least 80% of the time.
B) has consistent access to the kinds and amounts of foods needed to eat healthily.
C) is able to afford sufficient amounts of food to maintain daily recommended calorie intake.
D) is well-educated regarding proper nutrition for a healthy lifestyle.

Answer 3

has consistent access to the kinds and amounts of foods needed to eat healthily.

Question 4

How many 8-ounce glasses of water should the average person drink to stay well hydrated?

A) two to four
B) four to six
C) six to eight
D) eight to ten

Question 5

Which of these pairs is NOT one of the most prevalent multiple chronic conditions found in American adults?

A) hypertension and diabetes
B) heart disease and diabetes
C) cancer and hypertension
D) hypertension and heart disease

Question 6

Which of these is the unhealthiest type of fat?

A) polyunsaturated fat
B) trans fat
C) monounsaturated fat
D) polyunsaturated fat,monounsaturated fat,and trans fat

Question 7

In the United States,more people are treated for _____ than for all other health conditions combined.

A) heart disease
B) cancer
C) obesity
D) stress-related disorders

Question 8

The _____ secretes the hunger-triggering hormone called _____ as the time since the last meal increases and blood sugar levels drop.

A) ventromedial hypothalamus; ghrelin
B) lateral hypothalamus; PYY
C) lateral hypothalamus; orexin
D) ventromedial hypothalamus; orexin

Question 9

The U.S.Department of Agriculture's nutrition guide states that a healthy meal consists of 30% each _____ and 20% each _____,accompanied by a small dairy portion.

A) vegetables and grains; fruits and protein
B) carbohydrates and vegetables; protein and fat
C) protein and vegetables; fruits and grains
D) protein and grains; fat and vegetables

Question 10

From an evolutionary perspective,what is the advantage of a set point for body weight?

A) The tendency to maintain excess calories as fat helped protect people during food shortages.
B) People with stable body weights have healthier offspring.
C) Wide swings in body weight probably led to greater sensitivity to food cues.
D) Stable body weight probably led to greater sensitivity to food cues.

Question 11

Which statement about the consumption of fast food in the United States is NOT true?

A) Frequent fast-food consumption has been shown to contribute to weight gain.
B) The percentage of calories consumed varies by body weight.
C) Non-Hispanic White adults consume the highest percentage of calories from fast food.
D) As income increases,the consumption of calories from fast food decreases.

Question 12

The U.S.Department of Agriculture's guidelines advocate a largely _____ diet.

A) dairy-based
B) grain-based
C) meat-based
D) plant-based

Question 13

Which statement regarding fat cells is FALSE?

A) Fat cells are referred to as adipocytes.
B) Periods of inactivity can increase fat stores and the number of fat cells.
C) Fat cells never decrease,even when a person loses weight.
D) People who are obese have 25 billion to 30 billion fat cells.

Question 14

The glycemic index ranks _____ based on how quickly your body converts them to _____.

A) carbohydrates; glucose
B) proteins; body fat
C) the fat in food; body fat
D) foods; calories

Question 15

Which of these is an example of a high glycemic food?

A) sweet potatoes
B) french fries
C) brown rice
D) pineapple

Question 16

The minimum number of calories your body needs to maintain bodily functions at rest is called:

A) the set point.
B) the body mass index.
C) the basal metabolic rate.
D) satiety.

Question 17

What percentage of calories consumed are stored as fat?

A) less than 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 20%

Question 18

Omega-3 fatty acids are a kind of:

A) polyunsaturated fat.
B) trans fat.
C) monounsaturated fat.
D) saturated fat.

Question 19

Unit bias refers to the finding that:

A) people underestimate the number of calories they consume.
B) people overestimate the number of calories they consume.
C) people eat more when they are given larger portions.
D) dieting every day often backfires.

Question 20

Who is MOST likely to have the highest basal metabolic rate?

A) Tanya,who is 15 years old
B) George,who is 17 years old
C) Crystal,who is 46 years old
D) Hank,who is 43 years old

Question 21

Which individual would be classified as having the lowest morbidity risk in terms of BMI and waist-to-hip ratio?

A) a Black male with BMI of 22 and a waist-to-hip ratio of 1.0
B) a White female with BMI of 23 and a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.75
C) an Asian female with BMI of 18 and a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.8
D) a Native American male with BMI of 26 and a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.85

Question 22

Research on fat-cell hyperplasia reveals that:

A) no matter how much people diet,they can never lose fat cells.
B) the size of the adipocytes in a person's body never changes.
C) men have more adipocytes than women do.
D) adipocytes can swell to three times their unfilled size when a person overeats.

Question 23

PYY is a:

A) short-term satiety hormone produced by the intestine.
B) short-term appetite stimulant produced in the stomach.
C) short-term appetite suppressant.
D) long-term weight regulation hormone.

Question 24

Obesity is defined as a BMI greater than:

A) 10.
B) 20.
C) 30.
D) 50.

Question 25

As ghrelin levels rise,neurons in the _____ are activated,leading to a(n)_____ in appetite levels.

A) arcuate nucleus (ARC); increase
B) hippocampus; decrease
C) hippocampus; increase
D) arcuate nucleus (ARC); decrease

Question 26

Obesity in mice has been traced to a defective gene for producing:

A) serotonin.
B) norepinephrine.
C) acetylcholine.
D) leptin.

Question 27

The brain's "master center" for weight regulation is the:

A) prefrontal cortex.
B) parietal lobe.
C) arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
D) melanocyte-stimulating center.

Question 28

The set of obesity-related risk factors that increase the risk for coronary artery disease,stroke,and diabetes is called:

A) the metabolic syndrome.
B) hyperinsulinemia.
C) hypoinsulinemia.
D) morbid obesity.

Question 29

Adipocytes are:

A) simple sugars in foods.
B) chemical additives that promote cancer.
C) fat cells.
D) hormones monitored by the brain to help maintain the body's set point.

Question 30

If the body's set point is something like a thermostat,the "thermometer" corresponds to the:

A) amount of stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus.
B) lesioning of the ventromedial hypothalamus.
C) level of leptin.
D) amount of pituitary gland secretion.

Question 31

Due to higher average body fat content,women typically have _____ levels as compared to men.

A) lower leptin
B) higher leptin
C) lower ghrelin
D) higher ghrelin

Question 32

Cholecystokinin (CCK)is a:

A) short-term satiety hormone produced by the intestine.
B) short-term appetite stimulant produced in the stomach.
C) short-term appetite suppressant.
D) long-term weight regulation hormone.

Question 33

After 12 hours without eating,Seth is very hungry.It is likely that Seth's blood glucose level is _____ and his blood insulin level is _____.

A) low; low
B) low; high
C) high; high
D) high; low

Question 34

Which of these is most strongly linked to atherosclerosis,hypertension,and diabetes?

A) having a "pear-shaped" body
B) female pattern obesity
C) the overall amount of body fat
D) abdominal obesity

Question 35

Ghrelin is a:

A) short-term satiety hormone produced by the intestine.
B) short-term appetite stimulant produced in the stomach.
C) short-term appetite suppressant.
D) long-term weight regulation hormone.

Question 36

Lisa has a 30-inch waist and a hip measurement of 40 inches.What is her waist-to-hip ratio,and does it fall within the healthy range?

A) Lisa's waist-to hip ratio is 0.67,and it falls within the healthy range.
B) Lisa's waist-to-hip ratio is 0.67,and it does not fall within the healthy range.
C) Lisa's waist-to-hip ratio is 0.75,and it falls within the healthy range.
D) Lisa's waist-to-hip ratio is 0.75,and it does not fall within the healthy range.

Question 37

A person with a BMI of 43 would be considered to be:

A) overweight.
B) Class I obese.
C) Class II obese.
D) Class III obese.

Question 38

Which of these individuals has the lowest risk of mortality?

A) Inez,who has a BMI of 21.4
B) Carlos,who has a BMI of 19.3
C) Aiko,who has a BMI of 40.1
D) Shen,who has a BMI of 34.6

Question 39

Although Chris has been obese all his life,he is determined to lose weight by following a low-calorie diet.He is likely to have difficulty losing weight while dieting because:

A) fat tissue has a low metabolic rate and can be maintained by fewer calories.
B) his set point is too low.
C) his leptin level is too low.
D) his ghrelin level is too high.

Question 40

Weight cycling is:

A) an unhealthy pattern of repeated weight gain and loss.
B) a healthy pattern of repeated weight gain and loss.
C) a person's average weight over his or her lifetime.
D) the range of calories,from high to low,that will maintain the body's set point.

Question 41

Socioeconomic variables are best at predicting obesity among:

A) women.
B) college students.
C) individuals with low SES.
D) adolescents.

Question 42

Approximately what percent of their total caloric intake do kids consume at school?

A) 10%-20%
B) 25%-40%
C) 35%-50%
D) 50%-60%

Question 43

Research has shown that the best way to help kids lose weight is to:

A) introduce lifestyle interventions.
B) require a health education course.
C) reduce the advertising of unhealthy foods.
D) educate their parents,then let the parents monitor their children.

Question 44

Research indicates that individuals with the FTO gene are more likely to be obese because individuals with this gene:

A) have a reduced metabolism.
B) exercise less.
C) eat more food.
D) are born with more fat cells.

Question 45

In 2010,Congress passed the Healthy,Hunger-Free Kids Act,which made it easier for schools to limit the number of _____ purchased from vending machines.

A) beverages
B) food desserts
C) competitive foods
D) binge foods

Question 46

Which individual has the highest risk of developing an eating disorder?

A) Leo,who is 17 years old and is in gymnastics
B) Kira,who is 12 years old and plays the piano
C) Amos,who is 20 years old and plays basketball
D) Maria,who is 15 years old and does ballet

Question 47

The disorder in which one experiences body image dissatisfaction with an excessive desire to develop a more muscular build is known as:

A) body dysmorphia.
B) body dissatisfaction disorder.
C) muscle dysmorphia.
D) muscle dissatisfaction disorder.

Question 48

Behavior modification programs for obesity typically include all of these components EXCEPT:

A) stimulus control.
B) contingency contracts.
C) careful self-monitoring.
D) the use of anorexigenic medication.

Question 49

Particularly among _____ in developed countries,there is a(n)_____ relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status.

A) men; inverse
B) women; inverse
C) men; direct
D) women; direct

Question 50

Which of these is NOT a common characteristic of the families of women with bulimia?

A) a higher-than-average incidence of alcoholism
B) a higher-than-average incidence of depression
C) disengaged,or even hostile,parent-daughter relationships
D) overprotective,competitive parents

Question 51

A person who engages in bouts of excessive overeating,followed by feelings of distress-but who does not binge,purge,fast,or exercise excessively-is said to have:

A) anorexia nervosa.
B) binge-eating disorder.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) pica.

Question 52

One massive study identified a variant of the _____,which seemed to double a person's risk of becoming obese.

A) FTO gene
B) BMR
C) metabolic syndrome
D) settling point

Question 53

The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa include all of these EXCEPT:

A) severe weight loss.
B) intense fear of weight gain.
C) disturbance of body image.
D) lack of control over eating.

Question 54

The best way to lose weight and keep it off is to _____ and _____.

A) count calories; limit portion size
B) eat one less meal each day; limit portion size
C) exercise; take an appetite-suppression drug
D) develop sound eating habits; engage in regular physical exercise

Question 55

Bianca,22 years old,is slightly overweight and loves to eat,particularly junk food and high-calorie desserts.Fearful of gaining weight,Bianca often takes a laxative following an episode of binge eating.Bianca seems to be suffering from:

A) binge-eating disorder.
B) bulimia nervosa.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) unit bias.

Question 56

Sally has joined Weight Watchers and asks you for advice regarding how she can make her time in the program successful.According to the research you've read,you suggest that she:

A) join a support group while in the program.
B) allow herself cheat days.
C) throw away all of the junk food in her house.
D) find a friend to participate in the program with her.

Question 57

The term food desert refers to a geographical area that:

A) only offers access to unhealthy foods.
B) has no access to food within a 5-mile radius.
C) limits access to cheap,unhealthy,fast food.
D) offers only expensive,unaffordable foods.

Question 58

Which individual has the highest risk of becoming obese?

A) Ivanna,whose mother neglected her when she was sad
B) Julissa,whose mother gave her ice cream when she was sad
C) Mario,whose mother sent him to his room when he was sad
D) Damien,whose mother gave him hugs when he was sad

Question 59

Which statement regarding obesity in the United States is TRUE?

A) Obesity is less prevalent among African Americans,Hispanic Americans,and other minority groups.
B) Obesity and income are inversely related.
C) Obesity is positively correlated with education level.
D) Two thirds of people living below the poverty threshold are obese.

Question 60

Which statement has NOT been offered as an explanation for the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status?

A) Lower-income people have more limited access to health care services.
B) Less-educated people may lack knowledge about the hazards of obesity.
C) The stress of poverty may trigger increased eating as a defensive coping mechanism.
D) Lower-income people have lower levels of willpower.

Question 61

Luke weighs 170 pounds and is 5 feet 10 inches tall.Provide the formula for body mass index (BMI),and use it to calculate Luke's BMI.What BMI category does Luke fall into? Explain what BMI is used for and what the limitations of using this measurement are.

Question 62

Discuss the basic components of a healthy balanced diet,including daily caloric needs and specific nutrients.How does the diet of a typical American adult compare to this ideal? What other information may be important for people to consider when making these comparisons or gathering this information?

Question 63

Describe how behavioral and cognitive therapy is used for the purpose of losing weight.List three behavior modification techniques,and give examples of how these techniques might be used in a weight-loss program.

Question 64

Briefly discuss the major biological,psychological,and sociocultural factors that have been advanced to explain why anorexia and bulimia may occur more often in some demographic groups than in others.

Question 65

Those most vulnerable to eating disorders are those who _____ value thinness and have the _____ body image satisfaction.

A) least; lowest
B) most; greatest
C) least; greatest
D) most; lowest

Question 66

Dispel the myth that reducing saturated fat and reducing cholesterol are the only dietary interventions needed to prevent heart disease.What are the origins of this myth? Include a discussion of the link between sugar and various chronic illnesses as well as recommended daily sugar intake.

Question 67

Ideal body types are determined by _____ and reinforced by _____.

A) survival instincts; peers
B) biology; culture
C) parents; peers
D) culture; media

Question 68

Although Mason appears to be overweight,he eats large portions and continues to gain weight.Using the biopsychosocial model,explain how his eating behavior might result from both biological and nonbiological factors.

Question 69

The first priority in treating anorexia nervosa is:

A) to change the patient's eating patterns.
B) to help the patient develop a more realistic body image.
C) to restore the patient's body weight.
D) to boost the patient's self-esteem.

Question 70

Explain how the body regulates its weight.In your answer,be sure to discuss the concept of set point and the biological basis of hunger and satiety.

Question 71

Why is it difficult for people to lose weight and keep it off? What are some of the approaches to weight loss that people have tried? What weight-loss strategies tend to be the most effective,according to empirical research?

Question 72

Compare and contrast the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa.In your answer,be sure to identify specific health hazards,stereotypes,and myths surrounding these eating disorders.

Question 73

Anorexia patients are most likely to have families who:

A) have physically or sexually abused their children.
B) are high-achieving and protective.
C) have recently been separated or divorced.
D) are unconcerned about physical appearance and body weight.

Question 74

Which statement regarding anorexia is FALSE?

A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy is only about 20% effective at treating anorexia.
B) Anorexia is one of the most difficult behavior disorders to treat.
C) Anorexia has a high relapse rate,often upwards of 50%.
D) An estimated 75% of those with anorexia will eventually recover.

Question 75

Explain why some people seem to gain weight more readily than others,and why some people may have a harder time losing weight than others.