Deck 10: Antimicrobial Treatment

Question 1

Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G all ________.

A) target the cell wall
B) have resistance to the action of penicillinase
C) are semisynthetic
D) have an expanded spectrum of activity
E) All of the choices are correct.

Answer 1

target the cell wall

Question 2

A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is ________.

A) synercid
B) penicillinase
C) aztreonam
D) clavulanic acid
E) imipenem

Answer 2

clavulanic acid

Question 3

Selective toxicity refers to ________.

A) damage to pathogenic organisms
B) damage to prokaryotic cell membranes
C) damage to the target organisms but not host cells
D) damage to nucleic acids
E) None of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

damage to the target organisms but not host cells

Question 4

What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins?

A) Synercid
B) Penicillinase
C) Aztreonam
D) Clavulanic acid
E) Imipenem

Question 5

Penicillins and cephalosporins ________.

A) block folic acid synthesis
B) attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis
C) damage cell membranes
D) block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules

Question 6

Each of the following affect cell walls except ________.

A) penicillin
B) isoniazid
C) vancomycin
D) erythromycin
E) cephalosporin

Question 7

Which antimicrobial does not inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A) Gentamicin
B) Vancomycin
C) Cephalosporins
D) Penicillins
E) Bacitracin

Question 8

Sulfa drugs work on ________.

A) nucleic acid biosynthesis
B) ribosome biosynthesis
C) peptidoglycan biosynthesis
D) folic acid biosynthesis
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 9

Aminoglycosides ________.

A) interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan
B) block folic acid synthesis
C) attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis
D) damage cell membranes
E) block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules

Question 10

Clavulanic acid ________.

A) inhibits B-lactamase activity
B) inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
C) inhibits formation of peptidoglycan cross linkages
D) inhibits cell membrane synthesis
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 11

Antibiotics are derived from all of the following except ________.

A) Penicillium
B) Bacillus
C) Staphylococcus
D) Streptomyces
E) Cephalosporium

Question 12

What cell wall inhibiting drug is used in cases of penicillin and methicillin resistance?

A) Penicillin G
B) Vancomycin
C) Tetracycline
D) Erythromycin
E) Isoniazid

Question 13

The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called ________.

A) prophylaxis
B) chemotherapy
C) selective toxicity
D) nephrotoxicity
E) synergism

Question 14

Antimicrobials that are effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed ________.

A) antibiotics
B) narrow-spectrum drugs
C) semisynthetic drugs
D) synthetic drugs
E) broad-spectrum drugs

Question 15

The use of a drug to prevent a person at risk of an imminent infection is called ________.

A) competitive inhibition
B) synergism
C) prebiotics
D) prophylaxis
E) lantibiotics

Question 16

Sulfonamides ________.

A) interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan
B) block folic acid synthesis
C) attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis
D) damage cell membranes
E) block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules

Question 17

Substances that are naturally produced by certain microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are called ________.

A) antibiotics
B) narrow-spectrum drugs
C) semisynthetic drugs
D) synthetic drugs
E) broad-spectrum drugs

Question 18

Which drug is used to treat cases of tuberculosis?

A) Penicillin G
B) Vancomycin
C) Tetracycline
D) Synercid
E) Isoniazid

Question 19

Each of the following target bacterial ribosomes except ________.

A) streptomycin
B) gentamycin
C) polymyxins
D) tetracycline
E) erythromycin

Question 20

Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include ________.

A) low toxicity for human tissues
B) high toxicity against microbial cells
C) do not cause serious side effects in humans
D) stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 21

Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat ________.

A) influenza A virus
B) HIV
C) herpes zoster virus
D) respiratory syncytial virus
E) hepatitis C virus

Question 22

Which of the following is not a drug group used to treat fungal infections?

A) Quinolones
B) Macrolide polyenes
C) Echinocandins
D) Synthetic azoles
E) Allylamines

Question 23

The drug used for several protozoan infections is ________.

A) nystatin
B) griseofulvin
C) amphotericin B
D) sulfa drugs
E) metronidazole

Question 24

An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that ________.

A) blocks penetration
B) blocks transcription and translation
C) inhibits DNA synthesis
D) blocks maturation
E) bonds to ergosterol in the cell membrane

Question 25

Antimicrobials that are macrolides ________.

A) disrupt cell membrane function
B) include tetracyclines
C) include azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin
D) are narrow-spectrum drugs
E) are hepatotoxic

Question 26

The drug that can cause injury to red blood cells and white blood cells is ________.

A) chloramphenicol
B) clindamycin
C) ciprofloxacin
D) bacitracin
E) gentamicin

Question 27

Primaquine and chloroquine are drugs used in the treatment of ________.

A) gram-positive infections
B) gram-negative infections
C) fungal infections
D) protozoan infections
E) viral infections

Question 28

Which of the following is not a mode of action of antiviral drugs?

A) Block penetration
B) Block transcription and translation
C) Inhibit DNA synthesis
D) Block maturation
E) Bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane

Question 29

Which of these drugs has the most narrow spectrum?

A) Tetracycline
B) Isoniazid
C) Erythromycin
D) Aminoglycosides
E) Cephalosporins

Question 30

There are fewer antifungal, antiprotozoan, and antihelminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi, protozoa, and helminths ________.

A) do not cause many human infections
B) are not affected by antimicrobials
C) are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult
D) are parasites found inside human cells
E) have cells with fewer target sites compared to bacteria

Question 31

Which of the following block HIV binding to host cell receptors?

A) AZT
B) Acyclovir
C) Nevirapine
D) Fuzeon
E) Amantidine

Question 32

Gram-negative rods are often treated with ________.

A) penicillin G
B) vancomycin
C) aminoglycosides
D) synercid
E) isoniazid

Question 33

The antifungal drug that can be injected to treat serious systemic fungal infections, like histoplasmosis, is ________.

A) nystatin
B) griseofulvin
C) amphotericin B
D) sulfa drugs
E) metronidazole

Question 34

Which antimicrobial does not interfere with protein synthesis?

A) Aminoglycosides
B) Tetracyclines
C) Erythromycin
D) Trimethroprim
E) Gentamicin

Question 35

Which newer synthetic drug is used to treat MRSA and VRE infections?

A) Synercid
B) Clindamycin
C) Linezolid
D) Azithromycin
E) Clarithromycin

Question 36

Which of the following is not true of polymyxins?

A) Disrupt the cell membrane
B) Have a narrow spectrum
C) Toxic to kidneys
D) Target peptidoglycan
E) Can treat severe urinary tract infections

Question 37

Acyclovir is used to treat ________.

A) influenza A virus
B) HIV
C) herpes simplex virus
D) respiratory syncytial virus
E) hepatitis C virus

Question 38

Mebendazole is a drug used to treat ________ infections.

A) bacterial
B) fungal
C) protozoan
D) helminthic
E) viral

Question 39

Ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole are broad-spectrum azoles used to treat ________ infections.

A) bacterial
B) fungal
C) protozoan
D) helminthic
E) viral

Question 40

Which of the following antibacterial drug groups does not target protein synthesis?

A) Clindamycin
B) Erythromycin
C) Aminoglycosides
D) Sulfonamides
E) Tetracycline

Question 41

Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except ________.

A) transduction
B) R-plasmids
C) conjugation
D) mutation
E) transformation

Question 42

Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis work with very few side effects because mammals must get folic acid from their diet.

Question 43

If pathogen A is more resistant to an erythromycin disc on a Kirby-Bauer plate compared to pathogen B, then pathogen A will have a(n) ________ zone of inhibition compared to pathogen B.

A) smaller
B) equal
C) larger

Question 44

Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestines are known as ________.

A) prebiotics
B) probiotics.
C) lantibiotics
D) phytobiotics
E) riboswitches

Question 45

The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include ________.

A) bacterial chromosomal mutations
B) synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure
C) prevention of drug entry into the cell
D) alteration of drug receptors on cell targets
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 46

Which two antibiotics affect the DNA and RNA of bacteria?

A) Tetracycline and amphotericin B
B) Trimethoprim and sulfonamides
C) Rifampin and quinolones
D) Tetracycline and bacitracin

Question 47

A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobials in broth, and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient's isolated pathogen. What is this microbiologist setting up?

A) Kirby-Bauer
B) Antibiogram
C) E-test
D) MIC
E) Therapeutic index (TI)

Question 48

Each of the following result in drug resistance except ________.

A) drug pumped out of the cell
B) drug used as a nutrient by the cell
C) drug binding site altered
D) drug inactivated
E) drug blocked from entering cell

Question 49

Microbial resistance resulting from mutation occurs because ________.

A) bacterial genomes undergo mutation rapidly
B) bacterial genomes undergo mutation often
C) short generation times accumulate mutations in populations
D) mutations are passed between organisms
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 50

A ratio of the dose of a drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions. This is called the ________.

A) Kirby-Bauer
B) antibiogram
C) E-test
D) MIC
E) therapeutic index (TI)

Question 51

Drug susceptibility testing determines ________.

A) the patient's response to various antimicrobials
B) the pathogen's response to various antimicrobials
C) if normal flora will be affected by antimicrobials
D) if the drug is increasing to toxic levels in a patient
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 52

An antibiotic of the penicillin family is amoxicillin.

Question 53

The ________ are drugs that deposit in developing teeth and cause a permanent brown discoloration.

A) streptomycins
B) cephalosporins
C) macrolides
D) tetracyclines
E) penicillins

Question 54

Which therapeutic index value would be the drug of choice?

A) 20
B) 10
C) 1
D) 0.1
E) Any value would be equally effective.

Question 55

The multidrug-resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function by ________.

A) bacterial chromosomal mutations
B) synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure
C) removing the drug from the cell when it enters
D) alteration of drug receptors on cell targets
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 56

The use of vaginal inserts of Lactobacillus to restore healthy vaginal biota is an example of ________.

A) prebiotics
B) probiotics
C) lantibiotics
D) phytobiotics
E) riboswitches

Question 57

A superinfection results from ________.

A) buildup of a drug to toxic levels in the patient
B) the wrong drug administered to the patient
C) an immune system reaction to the drug
D) decrease in the microbiota with overgrowth of an unaffected species

Question 58

Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's microbiota often cause ________.

A) nephrotoxicity
B) superinfections
C) allergic reactions
D) drug toxicity
E) mutation

Question 59

Side effects that occur in patient's tissues while on antimicrobial drugs include all the following except ________.

A) development of resistance to the drug
B) hepatotoxicity
C) nephrotoxicity
D) diarrhea
E) deafness

Question 60

Each of the following contributes to emerging drug resistance except ________.

A) overuse of antibiotics
B) improper use of antibiotics
C) multiple drug therapy
D) ingestion of antibiotics with animal feed
E) addition of antibiotics to common household products

Question 61

Bacteria can have a natural resistance to a drug that it has never been exposed to.

Question 62

When a patient's immune system reacts adversely to a drug, this serious side effect is called a superinfection.

Question 63

Drug toxicity occurs when an antimicrobial drug acts as antigen and stimulates an allergic response.

Question 64

Drugs with high selective toxicity include ________.

A) ampicillin and bacitracin
B) amphotericin B and fluconazole
C) mebendazole and albendazole
D) quinine and metronidazole

Question 65

Naturally-produced penicillins are most effective against gram-positive bacteria because ________.

A) they prevent the synthesis of peptidoglycan which comprises the gram-positive cell wall
B) they target the enzymes needed by gram-positive cells for ATP production
C) they inhibit the permeability of the gram-positive cell membrane
D) they target the 30s subunit of the gram-positive ribosome

Question 66

Drugs that are hepatotoxic cause damage to a patient's kidneys.

Question 67

An antimicrobial with a low therapeutic index is a safer choice compared to a drug with a high therapeutic index.

Question 68

The MIC is the smallest concentration of an antimicrobial required to inhibit the growth of the microbe.

Question 69

Which of the following statements does not accurately reflect the origins of antimicrobial drugs?

A) All antimicrobial drugs are synthesized by medicinal chemists in a laboratory environment.
B) Bacteria and fungi are natural producers of antimicrobial drugs; the molecules are synthesized to maintain competition for nutrients and space to a minimum.
C) Scientists have learned how to modify antimicrobial molecules naturally produced by organisms to enhance their efficacy and range.
D) Some antimicrobial agents are synthesized wholly in the laboratory.

Question 70

The Kirby-Bauer test uses an agar surface, seeded with the test bacterium, to which small discs containing a specific concentration of several drugs are placed on the surface.

Question 71

Polymyxin B is a large molecule with a hydrophobic tail that can disrupt phospholipids, making it particularly effective against ________.

A) gram-negative cells since they have both an outer and inner membrane
B) gram-positive cells since the peptidoglycan is easily dissolved by detergent-like molecules
C) fungi since the drug can traverse the complex chitin cell wall to dissolve the cell membrane
D) both gram-positive and gram-negative cells since they both have a membrane

Question 72

Polymyxin B and daptomycin are both narrow spectrum drugs that target the cell membrane. They differ in that polymyxin B is effective against gram-negative organisms since it disrupts both the inner and outer membranes whereas daptomycin integrates only into the gram-positive cell wall creating leakage.

Question 73

Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, are synthetic drugs that interfere with the action of DNA helicases. This means that ________.

A) the bacterial cell will die since it cannot replicate or transcribe its DNA
B) binary fission cannot take place because the cell cannot make proteins
C) the bacterial cell will die since it cannot take in nutrients across the cell membrane
D) the cell will die because it cannot make folic acid, which is a precursor to DNA and RNA, as well as amino acids

Question 74

Ciprofloxacin is used to treat viral respiratory infections.

Question 75

Resistance factor plasmids are transferred to other bacterial cells during transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

Question 76

An example of an antibacterial drug with high selective toxicity would be one that ________.

A) targets the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall
B) targets the permeability of the cell membrane
C) targets DNA replication
D) targets RNA transcription

Question 77

Aminoglycosides demonstrate selective toxicity since they target the bacterial 30s subunit, leaving the host 40s subunit largely unaffected.

Question 78

Semisynthetic penicillins have an advantage over their naturally occurring counterparts in that ________.

A) they have a broader target range and are less susceptible to penicillinases
B) they target both cell wall synthesis and protein synthesis by binding to the 30s ribosome
C) they can target both bacterial and eukaryotic organisms
D) they cause fewer allergic reactions than naturally occurring penicillins

Question 79

It is better to use a broad-spectrum drug instead of a more specific narrow-spectrum drug.

Question 80

Indwelling catheter biofilm infections are more resistant to antibiotics than nonbiofilm infections.