Deck 22: One Health: the Interconnected Health of the Environment, Humans, and Other Animals

Question 1

The final step of sewage treatment before release into the environment is ________.

A) sludge digesting
B) skimming
C) filtration
D) chlorination
E) aeration

Answer 1

chlorination

Question 2

Primary sewage treatment includes ________.

A) sludge digesting
B) skimming
C) filtration
D) chlorination
E) aeration

Answer 2

skimming

Question 3

An infectious disease typically seen among animals that may be acquired by humans is referred to as ________.

A) zoophilic
B) zoonotic
C) nosocomial
D) agronotic

Answer 3

zoonotic

Question 4

Which of the statements about the emergence of HIV/AIDS is incorrect?

A) It is likely that HIV/AIDS began as a zoonotic disease, evolving from SIV, the simian immunodeficiency virus.
B) HIV spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa via colonization and urbanization.
C) It is believed that HIV was spread to the United States from Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War.
D) The first cases of AIDS in the United States were seen in 1980.

Question 5

Using microbes to break down or remove toxic wastes in water and soil is called ________.

A) decomposition
B) synergism
C) mineralization
D) bioremediation
E) recycling

Question 6

What two strategies are used in the United States to ensure potable drinking water?

A) Filtration and chlorination
B) Chlorination and gamma radiation
C) Ultraviolet disinfection and filtration
D) Pasteurization and chlorination
E) Filtration and pasteurization

Question 7

In which step of water purification does water move through sand beds and activated charcoal?

A) Chlorination
B) Aeration and settling
C) Sedimentation
D) Storage
E) Filtration

Question 8

There are very few viruses in aquatic environments.

Question 9

Which of the following factors contributed to the emergence and spread of Lyme disease?

A) Increase in deer and mouse populations
B) Increase in deer tick populations
C) Increase in new home developments in wooded areas
D) Climate change
E) All of these factors are correct.

Question 10

Indicator bacteria are ________.

A) coliforms
B) enterococci
C) evidence of fecal contamination
D) used in water quality tests
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 11

The most prominent waterborne pathogens of recent times include ________.

A) Giardia.
B) Cryptosporidium.
C) Campylobacter.
D) Salmonella.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 12

What chemical is used in both water purification and sewage treatment to give long-term disinfection?

A) Fluorine
B) Activated charcoal
C) Copper sulfate
D) Chlorine
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

HIV did not begin to spread throughout the African continent until the 1970s.

Question 14

Which is the first step in water purification?

A) Chlorination
B) Aeration and settling
C) Sedimentation
D) Storage
E) Filtration

Question 15

Monitoring of drinking water and recreational water is done by testing for indicator bacteria. Indicator bacteria ________.

A) are bacteria typically found in the mammalian mouth, nose, and throat
B) are bacteria typically found in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract
C) are bacteria known to proliferate in aquatic environments and fish
D) are bacteria known to cause human disease

Question 16

Which of the following is not true of coliforms?

A) They are gram-negative, lactose-fermenting, and gas-producing bacteria
B) They include E. coli, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter
C) Coliform levels are not always directly correlated to E. coli levels
D) Fecal coliform assays are very specific
E) Coliform bacteriophages are currently used as good fecal indicators

Question 17

The breakdown of man-made compounds by decomposers is called ________.

A) mineralization
B) biodegradation
C) decomposition
D) parasitism
E) saprobism

Question 18

The use of "coliform" and "E. coli" when discussing potable water is interchangeable.

Question 19

Potable water is ________.

A) contaminated
B) polluted
C) safe to drink
D) foul tasting
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 20

In the secondary phase of water treatment, organic matter undergoes biodegradation by a diverse mix of bacteria, algae, and protozoa.

Question 21

The transmission of which diseases are dependent on maintenance of the mosquito vector?

A) Malaria
B) Lyme disease
C) Cholera
D) West Nile virus - encephalitis
E) Both malaria and West Nile virus encephalitis

Question 22

Which of the following may be removed by tertiary water treatment?

A) Ammonia
B) Nitrate
C) Phosphate
D) Pathogenic microorganisms
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 23

The incidence of which disease is most likely to be impacted as a result of increased rainfall?

A) Malaria
B) Lyme disease
C) Salmonella gastroenteritis
D) Hepatitis A

Question 24

The primary phase of wastewater treatment ________.

A) removes harmful microorganisms
B) separates solid from liquid wastes
C) increases the biological oxygen demand
D) often uses ultraviolet radiation

Question 25

Which of the following bacteria would be most indicative of fecal contamination?

A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) Streptococcus pyogenes
C) E. coli
D) Enterobacter aerogenes

Question 26

Which of the following atmospheric gases have been increasing in concentration and are believed to be contributors to climate change?

A) Oxygen and carbon dioxide
B) Hydrogen and carbon dioxide
C) Nitrogen and oxygen
D) Carbon dioxide and methane
E) Methane and oxygen

Question 27

The secondary phase of wastewater treatment is largely ________.

A) physical
B) biological
C) chemical
D) irradiation

Question 28

Which of the following viruses can be readily transmitted by contaminated food and water?

A) Hepatitis B virus
B) Hepatitis A virus
C) Hepatitis C virus
D) Herpes simplex virus
E) Varicella zoster virus

Question 29

Use of a trickling filter that sprays wastewater over rocks coated with biofilms which aerobically degrade organic matter is an example of the ________.

A) primary phase of wastewater treatment
B) secondary phase of wastewater treatment
C) tertiary phase of wastewater treatment

Question 30

Which diseases are predicted to increase as a result of global climate change?

A) Malaria and cholera
B) Malaria and bacterial meningitis
C) Bacterial meningitis and cholera
D) MRSA infections and bacterial meningitis
E) Campylobacter infections and E. coli infections

Question 31

Coliforms, used as indicator bacteria, are gram-negative bacteria that ferment lactose and produce gas.

Question 32

Which of the following is least likely to transmit cholera?

A) Human fecal contamination of drinking water supplies
B) Run-off from large dairy and beef farms into water sources
C) Human fecal contamination of water used to irrigate fruits and vegetable crops
D) Human fecal contamination in water from which shellfish are harvested

Question 33

After secondary treatment, treated wastewater can usually be safely released into nearby bodies of waters.

Question 34

One of the goals of wastewater treatment is to ________ the biological oxygen demand (BOD).

A) increase
B) decrease
C) neutralize

Question 35

The primary phase of wastewater treatment is largely ________.

A) physical
B) biological
C) chemical
D) irradiation

Question 36

Agricultural water run-off, rich in nitrates, ammonia, and phosphates, may be treated to remove these chemicals so that the treated water does not support algal blooms. Such treatment is an example of ________.

A) primary treatment
B) secondary treatment
C) tertiary treatment

Question 37

The activated sludge step in wastewater treatment is an example of the ________.

A) primary phase of wastewater treatment
B) secondary phase of wastewater treatment
C) tertiary phase of wastewater treatment

Question 38

Backyard composting in either a pile or a bin is generally an ________ process.

A) aerobic
B) anaerobic

Question 39

Which wastewater treatment process can generate methane which to be used as a fuel?

A) Settling
B) Trickling filters
C) Activated sludge process
D) Anaerobic digestors

Question 40

There are cities in the United States that obtain drinking water from the same river in which sewage was disposed of upstream.

Question 41

Which of the following has been chemically modified to make it biodegradable?

A) Glass
B) Aluminum foil
C) Styrofoam
D) Laundry detergent

Question 42

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding zoonotic infections?

A) Infections agents pass from animals to humans, not from humans to animals.
B) The majority of emerging human diseases in the past 30 years have been zoonotic.
C) Fewer than 1% of vertebrate viruses have been described.
D) Some zoonotic diseases can originate from animal-to-human transmission, then human-to-human transmission can further the spread.

Question 43

As wastewater moves through the wastewater treatment process, its biological oxygen demand increases.

Question 44

The decomposition that occurs in a sanitary landfill is largely ________.

A) aerobic
B) anaerobic

Question 45

The increase in cases of Lyme disease in the northeast as well as other parts of the United States is due to several overlapping influences; general warming trends, an increase in natural areas as farmlands disappear, and increasing human populations encroach on natural areas as suburban development spreads.

Question 46

Most of the oil released into the Gulf of Mexico during the Deepwater Horizon explosion was biodegraded by microorganisms.

Question 47

Which term would be used to describe a compound totally resistant to microbial attack?

A) Inert
B) Recalcitrant
C) Antibacterial
D) Bioaccumulative

Question 48

Disruption of the One Health balance can be caused by ________.

A) burning of fossil fuels leading to climate change
B) transporting organisms outside of their usual habitat
C) excessive use of antibiotics
D) increase in population density
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 49

Transmission of organisms that cause zoonotic diseases can only pass from animal to human, not from human to animal.

Question 50

Which term is used to describe a novel, chemically synthesized compound that does not occur naturally but can be made to be biodegradable?

A) Antibiotic
B) Probiotic
C) Autobiotic
D) Xenobiotic
E) Pseudobiotic

Question 51

All of the following are factors that contribute to the increase in Lyme disease cases in the United States except ________.

A) increased pollution of lakes and rivers
B) decrease in areas of farmland
C) increase in areas of woodland
D) warming trends
E) suburban development expanding into natural areas

Question 52

Biodegradable plastics or plastic substitutes exist today that can be composted.

Question 53

The traveler is concerned about the safety of drinking water. Which of the following is a common pathogen that can cause a waterborne diarrheal illness?

A) Staphylococcus
B) Lactobacillus
C) Shigella
D) All of the choices will cause diarrheal illness.

Question 54

Which of the following did not contribute to the outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Southwest during the 1990s?

A) Excessive winter rainfall
B) Enhanced production of the pine nut
C) Increase in deer mice population
D) Global warming

Question 55

The concept of One Health demonstrates the interconnected relationship between global travel, economics and communication.

Question 56

Which of the following activities/processes depends upon the activities of microbes?

A) Composting
B) Wastewater treatment
C) Bioremediation
D) Biodegradation
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 57

The greater the amount of organic matter in wastewater, the ________ its biological oxygen demand.

A) higher
B) lower

Question 58

Which of the following statements describes the cause of the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome outbreak in the Southwest during the 1990s, demonstrating the interconnected web of human health, animal health and environmental health?

A) Excess rain enhanced the production of pine nuts, which led to a large population of deer mice, the reservoir of hantavirus that are shed in urine and feces, and can aerosolize into human lungs.
B) Global warming evaporated the lakes and drove deer mice, the reservoir of hantavirus, into the suburbs, where they passed the virus to humans in their feces.
C) Polluted rivers from excess watershed run-off killed the native plants so the starving deer mice were forced to migrate to urban areas where they shed hantavirus that aerosolized into human lungs.
D) Increased temperatures enhanced the mosquito population in the Southwest, leading to more humans being bitten and greater transmission of hantavirus.

Question 59

Global warming increased the mosquito population in the Southwest during the 1990s, which led to an outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

Question 60

The concept of One Health demonstrates the interrelationship between ________.

A) human health, animal health, and environmental health
B) global economics, animal health, and climate change
C) human health, global warming, and economics
D) global travel, communication, and economics
E) environmental health, microbial growth and economics

Question 61

What is the role of nonpathogenic microbes in the wastewater treatment process?

A) Degradation of organic compounds
B) Outcompeting pathogens
C) Anaerobic decomposition of solid waste
D) All of these are true.

Question 62

The nurse educates the traveler about markers of fecal contamination, as he is bringing a water indicator kit that tests for coliforms. The nurse advises that the kit may not detect other fecal pathogens. Which of the following organisms are coliforms?

A) E. coli
B) Enterobacter
C) Klebsiella
D) All of the choices are coliforms.

Question 63

What type of bacteria is water tested for when determining its safety?

A) Presence bacteria
B) Indicator bacteria
C) Confirming bacteria
D) Yielding bacteria

Question 64

Which gas is used as a mode of purification in the final phase of treatment?

A) Hydrogen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Ammonia
D) Chlorine

Question 65

The presence of coliforms necessarily indicates the presence of fecal matter.

Question 66

What is the initial step in wastewater treatment?

A) Skimming
B) Aeration
C) Chlorination
D) Digestion

Question 67

The presence of trace amounts of fecal coliforms in a water sample means that the entire body of water is considered unsafe to drink.