Deck 10: Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes

Question 1

The leading cause of death in the United States is:

A) cardiovascular disease.
B) cancer.
C) stroke.
D) accidents.

Answer 1

cardiovascular disease.

Question 2

The thick, middle layer of the heart muscle itself is the:

A) epicardium.
B) endocardium.
C) myocardium.
D) arterioles.

Answer 2

myocardium.

Question 3

The disorder in which deposits of cholesterol and other fats narrow coronary arteries is:

A) angina pectoris.
B) arrhythmia.
C) atherosclerosis.
D) arteriosclerosis.

Answer 3

atherosclerosis.

Question 4

Inflammation in the circulating blood, which is called ______, can contribute to ______.

A) atherogenesis; systemic inflammation
B) systemic inflammation; atherogenesis
C) atherosclerosis; arteriosclerosis
D) arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis

Question 5

Differentiate the two basic forms of diabetes mellitus, with particular descriptions of their symptoms, causes, and treatment options.

Question 6

Men have roughly the same rate of CVD as women who are:

A) not yet experiencing menopause.
B) 10 years older.
C) smokers.
D) overweight.

Question 7

Discuss in detail the role of lifestyle interventions in effectively treating patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Pay specific attention to what modifications to patient lifestyles are most often recommended, and give empirical evidence of effective intervention.

Question 8

The Framingham Heart Study revolutionized the study of "heart healthy" initiatives. Which statement in regard to the study is NOT true?

A) Previous to this study epidemiologists studied disease by examining death certificates.
B) The original participants received a complete medical exam including a myriad of medical tests.
C) The study was instrumental in defining and identifying modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
D) The study since its inception has employed a longitudinal and retrospective design that has since become the gold standard.

Question 9

The heart's blood supply comes from the:

A) blood pumped through its internal chambers.
B) coronary arteries that branch into arterioles.
C) capillaries that supply the endocardium.
D) the arterioles that become capillaries.

Question 10

Gender differences in CVD mortality may be due to the fact that:

A) testosterone has been linked with aggression and other behaviors that contribute to heart disease.
B) estrogen levels surge at the time of natural menopause.
C) premenopausal women have approximately 20 percent more blood in their bodies than do men.
D) sex hormone levels decrease during early adulthood.

Question 11

Myocardial infarctions:

A) result from loss of oxygen to the cerebrum.
B) are rarely life threatening.
C) are also called heart attacks.
D) serve as a possible signal of heart disease.

Question 12

Ischemic stroke occurs when:

A) a blood vessel bursts inside the brain.
B) a clot blocks the flow of blood to an area of the brain.
C) a weak spot in an artery balloons out.
D) arteries that supply the heart are narrowed with plaques.

Question 13

Distinguish between Type A and Type B personalities with clear descriptions and examples. Be sure to address the psychological basis of the Type A personality and the possible links between personality type patterns and cardiovascular disease.

Question 14

Restriction of blood flow and oxygen to the cerebrum results in:

A) an embolism.
B) angina pectoris.
C) a myocardial infarction.
D) a stroke.

Question 15

Using the biopsychosocial (BPS) model as a foundation, create a health profile representative of a person at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Be sure to include several factors that are characteristic of each of the three domains of the biopsychosocial model.

Question 16

Describe the major forms and causes of cardiovascular disease, including the underlying physiological processes that differentiate the diseases. Be sure to specifically mention several ways in which these diseases are diagnosed and treated.

Question 17

Hardening of the arteries describes the disease known as:

A) atherosclerosis.
B) arteriosclerosis.
C) angina pectoris.
D) arrhythmia.

Question 18

Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when:

A) a blood vessel bursts inside the brain.
B) a clot blocks the flow of blood to an area of the brain.
C) a weak spot in an artery balloons out.
D) arteries that supply the heart are narrowed with plaques.

Question 19

The disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen to the heart, crushing chest pain, and difficulty in breathing, but no loss of consciousness or damage to the myocardium is:

A) stroke.
B) arrhythmia.
C) myocardial infarction.
D) angina pectoris.

Question 20

Family history strongly predicts CVD, especially for those who have:

A) a close male relative who suffered a heart attack before the age of 40.
B) a close female relative who suffered a heart attack before the age of 55.
C) either a close male relative who suffered a heart attack before the age of 55 or a female relative who suffered a heart attack before the age of 65.
D) either a close female relative who suffered a heart attack before the age of 55 or a male relative who suffered a heart attack after the age of 65.

Question 21

Compared to European-Americans, African-Americans are at ______ risk of CVD, and Asian-Americans and Hispanic-Americans are at ______ risk.

A) decreased; decreased
B) decreased; increased
C) increased; increased
D) increased; decreased

Question 22

One study reported that cardiac patients who denied their anger or frustration were more likely than other cardiac patients to die within 5 years. This finding supports James Pennebaker's general theory of:

A) behavioral undercontrol.
B) psychosocial vulnerability.
C) inhibition.
D) psychophysiological reactivity.

Question 23

Which statement most accurately expresses the relationship between hypertension and heredity?

A) Genes play little or no role in contributing to high blood pressure.
B) A single gene causes hypertension.
C) Hypertension is caused by mutations in several genes that are passed on from one generation to the next.
D) Although genes may create a biological predisposition to hypertension, heredity alone cannot explain the widespread variation among sociocultural groups.

Question 24

James Pennebaker has found that cardiac patients who suppress their anger or frustration:

A) have one-third the mortality rate of other cardiac patients.
B) have one-half the mortality rate of other cardiac patients.
C) are almost five times as likely as other cardiac patients to die within 5 years.
D) are no more likely than other cardiac patients to die within 5 years.

Question 25

When disparities in education, income, and disease risk factors for CVD are controlled, ethnic and racial group differences in CVD:

A) increase substantially.
B) increase slightly.
C) disappear altogether.
D) persist.

Question 26

Karina's high-stress job has been linked to the development of her cardiovascular disease. She has had blood clots in her legs recently; her doctor has placed her on anticoagulants to prevent a stroke or heart attack. What is the name of the condition Karina appears to suffer from?

A) hemophilia
B) hypercoagulable state
C) hemolytic shock
D) hemostatic anemia

Question 27

Researchers have found that low-SES African-American men tend to display ______ to racial stressors than high-SES ______.

A) greater cardiovascular reactivity; African-American men or women
B) weaker cardiovascular reactivity; African-American men
C) faster clotting; African-American men or women
D) slower clotting; African-American men

Question 28

With regard to serum cholesterol levels and risk of CVD, research suggests that:

A) a total level of 200 mg/dl or greater doubles the risk.
B) even people with low levels of total cholesterol are at increased risk if the proportions of HDL and LDL are faulty.
C) low-density lipoprotein protects against heart disease.
D) a high ratio of total cholesterol to high-density cholesterol is the healthiest combination.

Question 29

Most cases of high blood pressure are classified as ______, meaning that the cause of the disease is ______.

A) primary; unknown
B) essential; poor diet
C) secondary; excess body weight
D) secondary; genetic vulnerability

Question 30

Which of these is NOT part of the Type A behavior pattern?

A) competitiveness
B) strong sense of time urgency
C) hostility
D) a high-pressure job

Question 31

Which statement does NOT suggest a reason women are twice as likely as men to die following a heart attack?

A) Women with CVD tend to be older than their male counterparts.
B) CVD tends to be diagnosed sooner in men than in women.
C) Women are treated more aggressively than men are.
D) Until recently, women have been underrepresented in clinical studies of CVD.

Question 32

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hurried, hostile people who may be at increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease is:

A) Type A people.
B) Type B people.
C) Type C people.
D) Type CVD people.

Question 33

Recent research that investigated the Type A behavior pattern has found that ______ may be the most crucial factor in predicting coronary disease.

A) impatience
B) hostility
C) strong sense of time urgency
D) competitiveness

Question 34

Hypertension is defined as systolic pressure above ______ mmHg or diastolic pressure of more than ______ mmHg.

A) 120; 80
B) 130; 85
C) 140; 90
D) 150; 95
E) 160; 100

Question 35

Cardiovascular disease takes the lives of ______ as many women as does breast cancer.

A) twice
B) three times
C) half
D) five times

Question 36

Researchers have suggested that the prevalence of hypertension among African-Americans:

A) is associated with an increased risk of CVD in both men and women.
B) results in higher-than-normal rates of accidental death and suicide in men.
C) is associated with Type II diabetes
D) reflects their greater cardiovascular reactivity to challenging situations.

Question 37

Which of these is NOT one of the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A) elevated serum triglyceride level
B) low blood sugar
C) obesity
D) hypertension

Question 38

Many experts attribute ethnic and racial differences in cardiovascular disease to ______ factors.

A) biological
B) emotional
C) economic and psychosocial
D) uncontrollable risk

Question 39

A blood pressure of 170/100 in an adult would be diagnosed as:

A) low normal.
B) normal.
C) borderline hypertension.
D) hypertension.

Question 40

Which of these is an effect of stress on the cardiovascular system?

A) lowered blood pressure
B) a decrease in heart rate
C) weaker contractions of the myocardium
D) increased release of epinephrine and cortisol

Question 41

Which health problem is NOT associated with diabetes?

A) hypoglycemia
B) hyperglycemia
C) blindness
D) gum disease

Question 42

Type I diabetes:

A) is found in more than 90 percent of all people with diabetes.
B) usually appears after age 30.
C) is an autoimmune disease in which the person's immune system attacks the insulin- and glucagon-producing cells of the pancreas.
D) is also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

Question 43

The results of the 1985 Whitehall II study showed that:

A) only women who scored high in emotional vitality had reduced risk of CHD.
B) the risk of a coronary event was reduced by up to 25 percent for each unit of positive psychological well-being.
C) differences in recorded biological risk factors were the most predictive of potential fatal CHD events.
D) variance in health behaviors accounted for more than half of the negative health outcomes reported.

Question 44

The Mediterranean-type diet, which has been associated with a reduction in the risk of CVD:

A) consists of a high ratio of protein to carbohydrate.
B) is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and monounsaturated fats.
C) is virtually fat-free.
D) emphasizes a severe reduction in the number of calories consumed each day.

Question 45

Hyperglycemia describes a condition of:

A) too little glucose in the blood.
B) too much glucose in the blood.
C) too little insulin in the blood.
D) an imbalance between insulin and glycogen.

Question 46

Job strain is greatest in jobs that have:

A) high job demands.
B) low decision latitude.
C) high job demands and low decision latitude.
D) low job demands and high decision latitude.

Question 47

Psychological stress may directly contribute to the development of diabetes by triggering:

A) abnormal changes in blood sugar levels.
B) an indifference to the benefits of a healthy diet.
C) lower levels of compliance with treatment regimens.
D) increases in the release of hormones into the bloodstream.

Question 48

Based on the information provided in the text and the literature, which of these individuals is at the highest risk of being diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes?

A) male, 35, African-American
B) female, 52, Asian-American
C) male, 27, American Indian
D) female, 44, Hispanic

Question 49

Which factor does NOT place a person at greater risk of developing Type II diabetes?

A) not exercising regularly
B) being overweight
C) having low socioeconomic status
D) having an elevated HDL cholesterol level

Question 50

Data from the CARDIA study reveal that people with CVD may avoid recurrence by:

A) quitting smoking.
B) improving cholesterol ratios.
C) exercising regularly.
D) drinking wine regularly.

Question 51

Research has linked Type A anger in women to a cluster of traits that combine: c

A) depression with high levels of anxiety.
B) introversion with aggressiveness.
C) introversion with high levels of anxiety.
D) extraversion with aggressiveness.

Question 52

Which of these has NOT been empirically found to provide beneficial effects for recovery in heart surgery patients?

A) dispositional optimism
B) strenuous physical therapy
C) religious involvement
D) perceived social support

Question 53

Angel, who is 35, has developed an endocrine disorder in which his body is insensitive to insulin. Angel most likely has:

A) Type 1 diabetes.
B) Type 2 diabetes.
C) prediabetes.
D) metabolic syndrome.

Question 54

Most people with diabetes:

A) can control their disease by changing their diet, regulating their weight, and exercising regularly.
B) require daily injections of insulin.
C) will also develop cardiovascular disease.
D) are also experiencing a great deal of stress in their lives.

Question 55

All of these are central to the establishment of effective hostility reduction interventions EXCEPT:

A) hostile people are more likely to encounter stress.
B) antagonistic behaviors may limit opportunities to utilize social support.
C) hostile people are more likely to have stress-busting resources.
D) interventions need to focus on self-monitoring and personal control over anger.

Question 56

People who score in the moderate range of the anger scale:

A) are less likely to have a heart attack than those who score in the lowest range.
B) are more protected if they are younger.
C) are more protected if they are nonsmokers.
D) are at greater risk if they have a genetic predisposition to high reactivity.

Question 57

Compared to others, hostile men and women are most likely to react to stress in which of these ways?

A) slower blood clotting and higher cholesterol levels
B) psychological hyperreactivity
C) physiological hyperreactivity
D) psychological and physiological hyperreactivity

Question 58

Type A behavior may be most likely when people work at jobs that:

A) are slow-paced and boring.
B) are complex and include mental demands that require skill and training.
C) involve a great deal of repetitive action.
D) are physically and emotionally draining.

Question 59

The massive Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study found that:

A) people who scored highest on an anger scale were three times more likely to have a heart attack than those with the lowest scores.
B) people who suppress negative emotions are more likely to develop CVD than people who express their emotions.
C) people who vent their negative emotions are more likely to develop CVD than people who keep them to themselves.
D) hostile adults lead more stressful lives.

Question 60

Dr. Martinez believes that people who lack a strong social support network have a higher risk of developing CVD because they are more likely to ignore health warnings about smoking and other health-compromising activities. Dr. Martinez is evidently a proponent of the:

A) health behavior explanation.
B) psychophysiological reactivity model.
C) mind-body model.
D) coronary-prone behavior model.

Question 61

Studies of blood glucose awareness training indicate that:

A) most people with diabetes can learn to recognize the cognitive and behavioral indicators of different blood glucose levels.
B) patients trained in blood glucose awareness are no more accurate in self-monitoring their blood glucose levels than are untrained control patients.
C) gauging blood sugar levels from environmental cues is highly inaccurate.
D) most patients with diabetes have inaccurate beliefs about their blood sugar levels.

Question 62

One study found that benefit finding among participants was associated with:

A) greater glucose intolerance.
B) greater insulin resistance.
C) better adherence to diabetes management behaviors.
D) greater cardiovascular reactivity.

Question 63

The lifestyle modifications required to keep diabetes under control are essentially a problem involving:

A) stress management.
B) maintaining a healthy body image.
C) self-management.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 64

Cultural adaptations to evidence-based interventions for women of Hispanic heritage with Type 2 diabetes, like those mentioned in the text, strive to improve health outcomes in a number of ways, including:

A) increasing glycemic control disparities.
B) social media and commercial advertising.
C) emotion-based coping seminars.
D) increasing acculturation to the United States.

Question 65

Effective weight management is particularly important for patients with diabetes because:

A) it strengthens the ability of the islet cells to produce insulin.
B) it improves the body's ability to regulate glucose.
C) lower body weight is almost always accompanied by lower blood pressure and cholesterol.
D) it improves patients' self-esteem, which reduces illness's intrusion in their lives.

Question 66

Kendra's psychologist has designed an intervention to reduce how much Kendra's lifelong battle with diabetes intrudes on her life. This type of intervention focuses on:

A) minimizing the disruptive effects of the disease on a patient's life.
B) efforts to stabilize blood sugar levels.
C) eliminating comorbid disorders such as depression.
D) reducing the patient's dependence on blood pressure medication.