Deck 16: Health Psychology Today and Tomorrow

Question 1

The number of new cases of diabetes in the United States has been:

A) about the same over the past decade.
B) steadily increasing.
C) leveling off.
D) higher among women than men.

Answer 1

leveling off.

Question 2

Identify and discuss in detail some of the specific factors that helped shape health psychology as a viable and legitimate field of research and study. What specific additional factors do you believe will be instrumental in shaping the field's future?

Answer 2

not answered

Question 3

Jake and Jack are identical twins who have the same genetic vulnerability to prostate cancer. If Jake develops prostate cancer:

A) Jack will almost certainly also develop it.
B) Jack may or may not develop it, depending on his health behaviors, emotional state, and other psychosocial factors.
C) Jack will not necessarily develop it because prostate cancer is not hereditary.
D) Jack will not develop it because the prostate cancer gene is recessive.

Answer 3

Jack may or may not develop it, depending on his health behaviors, emotional state, and other psychosocial factors.

Question 4

In one study of psychosocial factors and health, men and women with low social integration scores:

A) had slower and poorer recovery from infectious illnesses.
B) had more than twice the risk of dying compared to those with high social integration scores.
C) also tended to be of low socioeconomic status.
D) were characterized by expressing enhanced cognitive performance .

Question 5

Considering current trends in research, policy, and practice in the topic areas of illness and aging, what do you predict will be the next major developments in health and policy research over the next 25 years?

Question 6

Which of these is NOT one of health psychology's major future challenges?

A) increasing the span of healthy life for all people
B) increasing knowledge of understudied groups
C) restoring a fee-for-service model of health care
D) achieving equal access to preventive health care for all people

Question 7

The impact of psychosocial factors on the development and progression of disease:

A) is significantly less than that of more traditional risk factors.
B) is slightly less than that of more traditional risk factors.
C) often equals or exceeds that of more traditional risk factors.
D) is unpredictable.

Question 8

State and briefly discuss the five challenges that are facing health psychology in the future, and offer a viable and practical solution to help alleviate the impact of at least two of the five challenges stated in the text.

Question 9

Stress is best understood as a:

A) stimulus.
B) response.
C) transaction between a person and an event.
D) changing physiological state.

Question 10

Which of these conditions is NOT one of the three leading causes of death in the United States?

A) heart disease
B) cancer
C) diabetes
D) stroke

Question 11

In the United States, average life expectancy reached an all-time high of ______ years in 2013..

A) 71.3
B) 74.6
C) 78.8
D) 83.2

Question 12

According to Healthy People 2020, how many deaths in the United States each year are preventable?

A) 30.8 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 11.5 percent
D) 63 percent

Question 13

In the United States, the number of overweight and obese individuals:

A) has decreased slightly in recent years.
B) continues to decline.
C) has remained unchanged for many years.
D) is increasing.

Question 14

Regarding lifestyle behaviors and disease, which statement is true?

A) There is no longer any doubt that smoking causes lung cancer.
B) Alcohol use is related to diseases of the kidney and traffic fatalities.
C) High-fiber, low-fat diets increase people's risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
D) Sedentary lifestyles increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and result in improved immune functioning.

Question 15

Stress affects the health of some people by increasing their use of tobacco and alcohol. This is an example of a(n) ______ effect of stress on health.

A) indirect health behavior
B) indirect behaviorally mediated
C) direct physiological
D) indirect physiological

Question 16

Many young people are more heavily influenced by the immediate rewards of unhealthy behaviors than by worries about long-term health consequences. To prevent teens from developing bad habits in the first place, health psychologists increasingly use:

A) blended care.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) behavioral immunization programs.
D) the social skills model of risky behaviors.

Question 17

Health psychology is still a relatively new field of study and its contributions to the more established fields of health, health policy, and medicine are still unfolding. Discuss in detail the most important lessons learned from health psychology's first four decades of research.

Question 18

Stress affects the health of some people by increasing hormonal activity in their bodies. This is an example of a(n) ______ effect of stress on health.

A) indirect health behavior
B) indirect behaviorally mediated
C) direct physiological
D) indirect physiological

Question 19

Which of these was NOT suggested as a possible reason that social integration protects against chronic disease?

A) Social support may buffer the effects of stress on the body.
B) Social support may positively influence health behaviors associated with disease.
C) Social support may directly affect underlying physical mechanisms associated with disease.
D) People in poor health do not want to be around other people.

Question 20

Stress affects the health of some people by decreasing the likelihood that they will seek notice symptoms or seek health care. This is an example of a(n) ______ effect of stress on health.

A) indirect health behavior
B) indirect behaviorally mediated
C) direct physiological
D) indirect physiological

Question 21

Teaching the skills to improve patient-provider communication is an example of an intervention in the ______ domain.

A) biological
B) psychological
C) behavioral
D) cognitive

Question 22

Which ethnic group tends to have the least positive view of their health?

A) Native Americans
B) Asian-Americans
C) Hispanic-Americans
D) African-Americans

Question 23

One of health psychology's most fundamental messages is that:

A) prevention and health promotion must be made as important in the health care system as disease treatment is now.
B) secondary prevention is as important as tertiary prevention.
C) tertiary prevention is as important as primary prevention.
D) secondary prevention is as important as primary prevention.

Question 24

Anger management is an example of a health psychology intervention in the ______ domain.

A) biological
B) psychological
C) behavioral
D) social

Question 25

The number of psychologists working in general health care settings has ______ in the past 25 years.

A) increased slightly
B) increased significantly
C) remained steady
D) decreased slightly

Question 26

Health psychologists estimate the cost-effectiveness of various primary and secondary prevention efforts in terms of:

A) quality-adjusted life years.
B) disability-adjusted life expectancy.
C) compression of morbidity.
D) health care expenditures per capita.

Question 27

The interdisciplinary approach to treatment, in which teams approach disease from biological, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives, is called:

A) well care.
B) holistic medicine.
C) complementary care.
D) blended care.

Question 28

A healthy life is a combination of:

A) compression of morbidity and life expectancy.
B) well years and life expectancy.
C) average life expectancy and quality of life.
D) age-adjusted life expectancy and quality of life.

Question 29

Current health policy places the greatest emphasis on preventing further episodes of disease in those who are already sick. In other words, the focus is on:

A) primary prevention.
B) secondary prevention.
C) tertiary prevention.
D) a compression of morbidity.

Question 30

In the past, health psychology followed biomedicine's lead in focusing on:

A) mortality rather than morbidity.
B) morbidity rather than mortality.
C) primary prevention rather than secondary prevention.
D) tertiary prevention rather than secondary prevention.

Question 31

One goal of health psychology is to help people achieve a compression of morbidity, which refers to:

A) a shortening of the amount of time older people spend disabled, ill, or in pain.
B) increasing average disability-adjusted life expectancy.
C) ensuring that the dying do not suffer.
D) palliative care for hospice patients.

Question 32

Which term does NOT belong with the others?

A) relaxation to reduce hypertension
B) hypnosis to alleviate pain
C) systematic desensitization to reduce nausea
D) stress inoculation to decrease anxiety

Question 33

Which nation has the most costly health care system in the world?

A) Japan
B) France
C) England
D) the United States

Question 34

Which ethnic group tends to have the most positive view of their health?

A) Native Americans
B) Hispanic-Americans
C) African-Americans
D) European-Americans

Question 35

Regardless of ethnicity, people who have achieved higher levels of education:

A) live longer lives and have worse overall health..
B) live shorter lives and have better overall health.
C) live longer lives and have better overall health.
D) live shorter lives and have worse overall health.