Deck 15: Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Question 1

Describe a typical chiropractic intervention and critically evaluate whether chiropractic treatment is effective.

Answer 1

not answered

Question 2

Define complementary and alternative medicine, then discuss the fundamental domains and ideals that support the foundation of complementary and alternative medical practice. In your discussion be sure to identify and discuss recent trends related to the acceptability of complementary and alternative medical practice today.

Answer 2

not answered

Question 3

The concept of qi, a life force flowing throughout the body, is central to:

A) homeopathic medicine.
B) naturopathic medicine.
C) traditional Oriental medicine.
D) evidence-based medicine.

Answer 3

traditional Oriental medicine.

Question 4

Explain the basic premise underlying mind-body therapies and critically evaluate the effectiveness of hypnosis as an effective pain management intervention.

Question 5

A number of unconventional therapies consider the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual needs of the client. In other words, these therapies are examples of:

A) holistic medicine.
B) allopathic medicine.
C) chelation therapy.
D) energy therapies.

Question 6

Allopathic medicine refers to:

A) diagnostic therapies that are not taught in most medical schools.
B) traditional biomedicine.
C) alternative therapies based on Eastern spirituality.
D) an approach that considers not only physical health but also the emotional, spiritual, social, and psychological well-being of the person.

Question 7

The approach to health care that promotes the collection, interpretation, and integration of the best research in making decisions about patient care is:

A) evidence-based medicine.
B) allopathic medicine.
C) holistic medicine.
D) complementary and alternative medicine.

Question 8

The ideals of complementary and alternative medicine include all of these EXCEPT to:

A) be holistic.
B) be natural.
C) promote vitalism.
D) promote wellness.

Question 9

The use of complementary and alternative medicine is:

A) decreasing from its peak in the mid-1990s.
B) greater in the United States than anywhere else.
C) increasing throughout the world.
D) much greater among men than among women.

Question 10

Vitalism, which is popular in some varieties of complementary and alternative medicine, is the concept of:

A) a higher spiritual force.
B) a general life force.
C) collective consciousness.
D) dissociation of consciousness.

Question 11

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is used most often by:

A) men.
B) people with higher levels of education.
C) people who have been hospitalized with intestinal problems.
D) young adults.

Question 12

Holistic medicine appeals to many people in part because it:

A) encourages doctors to focus on the fine details of each patient's symptoms.
B) is overspecialized.
C) is highly fragmented.
D) avoids the narrow specialization of conventional biomedicine.

Question 13

Isabel's doctor combines traditional biomedical interventions with evidence-based complementary and alternative medical therapies to treat her patients. This doctor is practicing:

A) integrative medicine.
B) psychosomatic medicine.
C) ayurvedic medicine.
D) naturopathic medicine.

Question 14

Qi refers to:

A) a vital energy or life force.
B) each person's natural constitution, according to ayurvedic medicine.
C) the power of belief in an alternative practitioner.
D) a biomechanical imbalance in the vertebra of the spine.

Question 15

Describe in detail several relaxation and meditation techniques and explain how these therapies might promote improved health and wellness.

Question 16

Which of these is NOT one of the major domains of complementary and alternative medicine that are recognized by the National Institutes of Health?

A) mind and body medicine
B) natural products
C) CAM practices based on biofields
D) wellness therapies

Question 17

Critically evaluate the evidence in support of acupuncture's purported effectiveness as a treatment for pain and addiction.

Question 18

Identify the basic principles of naturopathy, and discuss the pros and cons of herbal medicine and food supplement therapy, giving specific examples.

Question 19

Explain why conventional physicians and practitioners of alternative treatments have a clash of cultures when it comes to what constitutes acceptable research evidence.

Question 20

Complementary and alternative medicine is most accurately defined as the use and practice of therapies or diagnostic techniques that:

A) fall outside of conventional medicine.
B) are completely natural.
C) are unproven.
D) tap the body's natural healing tendencies.

Question 21

When asked why there are not more controlled clinical trials of CAM therapies, CAM practitioners note that:

A) treatment variables cannot always be studied independently.
B) anecdotal evidence is difficult to gather when studies are conducted in the field.
C) self-report data are notoriously unreliable.
D) qualitative studies are superior to randomized control trials.

Question 22

The most widely used alternative treatment for substance abuse is:

A) hypnosis.
B) meditation.
C) homeopathy.
D) acupuncture.

Question 23

Acupuncture theory identifies 14 lines of energy called:

A) prakti.
B) chi.
C) meridians.
D) doshas.

Question 24

Anecdotal evidence consists of:

A) informal case studies.
B) single-blind laboratory studies.
C) double-blind laboratory studies.
D) field research studies.

Question 25

Although her doctor has done nothing but examine her arthritic hands, elderly Mrs. Joseph feels less pain, apparently because she believes that the doctor has done something for her. Mrs. Joseph's improvement is an example of:

A) the placebo effect.
B) the regression effect.
C) spontaneous remission.
D) observer expectancy.

Question 26

The World Health Organization classifies ______ as a condition for which acupuncture has proved to be an effective treatment.

A) fibromyalgia
B) diabetic nerve pain
C) osteoarthritis
D) depression

Question 27

Fabrizio Benedetti found that ______ injections of placebos were more effective in reducing pain than ______ injections.

A) hidden; visible
B) visible; hidden
C) predictable; unpredictable
D) unpredictable; predictable

Question 28

According to the conditioning explanation of the placebo effect, over years of treatment, the physician's white coat, the disinfectant smell in a waiting room, and the taste of each pill that is swallowed function as:

A) unconditioned stimuli.
B) unconditioned responses.
C) conditioned stimuli.
D) conditioned responses.

Question 29

Health psychologists generally believe that hypnotic phenomena:

A) do not exist.
B) reflect a truly altered state of consciousness.
C) reflect the workings of normal consciousness.
D) are unreproducible.

Question 30

The biggest challenge facing advocates of alternative therapies is to:

A) gather supportive data using the standards of an evidence-based analysis.
B) get quack practitioners out of the picture.
C) convince the general public to give their treatments a try.
D) convince the Food and Drug Administration to drop their restrictive licensing requirements.

Question 31

The traditional Oriental medicine in which fine needles are inserted into the skin in order to relieve pain is:

A) chiropractic.
B) biomedicine.
C) naturopathy.
D) acupuncture.

Question 32

Critics of unconventional therapies have raised all of these points EXCEPT that:

A) people who rely on alternative treatments may lose the opportunity to benefit from scientifically based treatment.
B) CAM evidence is often based on informal anecdotal evidence.
C) CAM research often makes use of invalid treatment outcome measures.
D) CAM evidence relies exclusively on qualitative research.

Question 33

Most illnesses tend to be:

A) cyclical.
B) self-limiting.
C) cyclical, self-limiting conditions.
D) unpredictable in nature.

Question 34

Hypnosis seems to be most effective in helping people manage:

A) acute pain.
B) chronic pain.
C) recurrent pain.
D) clinical pain.

Question 35

A recent meta-analysis of studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) found that needle acupuncture produced:

A) no change in neural activity anywhere in the brain.
B) decreased neural activity in the amygdala and hippocampus.
C) decreased neural activity in the basal ganglia and brain stem.
D) decreased neural activity in the cerebellum.

Question 36

Which therapy does NOT belong with the others?

A) hypnosis
B) relaxation
C) meditation
D) naturopathy

Question 37

Physiologically, hypnosis is accompanied by:

A) a generalized decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity.
B) an outpouring of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
C) increased oxygen consumption.
D) increased elimination of carbon dioxide.

Question 38

Regarding the effectiveness of acupuncture as a pain treatment, which conclusion is drawn in the text?

A) Acupuncture is an unproven therapy.
B) Acupuncture is more effective as a treatment for addiction.
C) Acupuncture provides some patients with some relief from some painful conditions.
D) Acupuncture is more effective than all but the most potent analgesic medications.

Question 39

The medical school anecdote about Mr. Wright, who relapsed when he lost confidence in the cure he once believed in, illustrates the operation of the ______ in medical treatments.

A) regression effect
B) Krebiozen effect
C) observer expectancy
D) placebo effect

Question 40

Herbert Benson suggested that an important factor in placebo responses is:

A) the body's natural inner pharmacy.
B) remembered wellness.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 41

In herbal medicine, tonics are herbs that:

A) have potent actions and are used to treat illness.
B) promote perspiration and nervousness.
C) have a general healing effect.
D) have anti-inflammatory effects.

Question 42

The only major forms of CAM originally developed in the United States are:

A) naturopathy and homeopathy.
B) mindfulness meditation and herbology.
C) chiropractic and osteopathy.
D) herbology and magnet therapy.

Question 43

The most common biofeedback technique in clinical use today is:

A) thermal biofeedback.
B) electromyography.
C) ambulatory blood pressure biofeedback.
D) heart rate biofeedback.

Question 44

An alternative therapy that has achieved mainstream acceptance is:

A) acupuncture.
B) relaxation training.
C) hypnosis.
D) chiropractic.

Question 45

As a stress management technique, biofeedback:

A) is ineffective.
B) is more effective with adults than with children.
C) enables people to consistently control their internal, involuntary responses.
D) offers no advantage over other behavioral techniques such as relaxation training.

Question 46

To help her relax, Brittany practices a daily routine in which she focuses her awareness on a personally meaningful phrase, or mantra. Brittany is evidently practicing:

A) mindfulness meditation.
B) transcendental meditation.
C) tai chi.
D) yoga.

Question 47

Which of these was NOT offered as an explanation of how relaxation and meditation might promote health?

A) These techniques provide relief from stress, muscle tension, anxiety, and negative emotionality, all of which increase a person's vulnerability to ill health.
B) Relaxation and meditation bolster the immune system.
C) Relaxation and meditation may alter a person's emotional response to symptoms.
D) People who regularly practice relaxation or meditation techniques tend to have healthier lifestyles.

Question 48

Herbert Benson's classic experiment on relaxation and meditation found all of these physiological and metabolic changes EXCEPT:

A) reduction in the number of high-frequency delta brain waves.
B) reduction of lactate in the bloodstream.
C) reduction in the number of breaths taken each minute.
D) reduction in consumption of oxygen.

Question 49

A health psychologist would most likely use biofeedback to provide clients with information about their:

A) pain threshold.
B) LDL cholesterol level.
C) blood pressure.
D) muscular strength.

Question 50

Connor, who suffers from asthma and depression, has become involved in a psychophysiological intervention research study in which he is monitored closely by means of a number of electrodes that record the variations in a number of his physiological systems, including his respiratory and cardiovascular system. He is asked many times to adjust his breathing in specific intervals until a desired pattern is observed in his physiological readings. What intervention is Connor participating in?

A) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
B) heart rate variability biofeedback
C) yoga
D) transcendental meditation

Question 51

A straight chiropractor is someone who:

A) combines traditional chiropractic manipulation with other CAM therapies.
B) believes that misalignments of bones within joints cause pain.
C) provides holistic health care by drawing from homeopathy, herbal remedies, and traditional Oriental medicine.
D) no longer palpates spinal vertebra during examinations.

Question 52

Probiotics are:

A) also called botanicals.
B) derived from the leaves, stems, and flowers of plants.
C) dangerous, unapproved food supplements.
D) bacteria and other live microorganisms that may have health benefits.

Question 53

The holistic care system that draws from homeopathy, herbal remedies, and traditional Oriental medicine is:

A) homeopathic medicine.
B) ayurvedic medicine.
C) acupuncture.
D) naturopathic medicine.

Question 54

In one experiment, Herbert Benson reported that while meditating experienced practitioners experience:

A) increased metabolism.
B) decreased oxygen consumption.
C) lowered blood sugar levels.
D) increased carbon dioxide elimination.

Question 55

To help him relax, Rick is learning to pay nonjudgmental, in-the-moment attention to his changing perceptions and thoughts. Rick is evidently practicing:

A) mindfulness meditation.
B) transcendental meditation.
C) tai chi.
D) yoga.

Question 56

Critics of chiropractic treatment point out that:

A) misaligned vertebra are very uncommon.
B) misaligned vertebrae are common and harmless.
C) chiropractic manipulation is useless but harmless.
D) a sound nervous system is the foundation of overall health.

Question 57

Most herbs in the United States are marketed as food supplements because:

A) none have any documented effectiveness.
B) it is illegal to recommend an herb as a treatment for anything.
C) they must be taken along with food to be effective.
D) packaging laws mandate full labeling of contents.

Question 58

Overall, research on biofeedback has shown that biofeedback:

A) is ineffective in reducing stress.
B) conveys no advantage over other, simpler behavioral techniques, such as relaxation training.
C) is more effective with adults than with children.
D) works best with people who are also highly suggestible.

Question 59

Dr. John Harvey Kellogg (of cereal fame) was an early advocate of:

A) naturopathic medicine.
B) ayurvedic medicine.
C) acupuncture.
D) homeopathy.

Question 60

The pharmacopoeia is:

A) a compilation of plant, animal, and mineral agents.
B) an examination of a patient's overall physical and mental state.
C) an ancient health system that focuses on maintaining an inner state of harmony.
D) the predominant form of alternative medicine practiced in India.

Question 61

Approximately what percentage of adults in the United States take vitamin supplements, even though most medical experts have yet to fully endorse nutritional supplementation?

A) 80 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 62

The two forms of food supplement therapy are:

A) nutritional medicine and megadose therapy.
B) homeopathy and naturopathy.
C) herbalism and homeopathy.
D) herbalism and naturopathy.

Question 63

Which statement is true regarding the acceptability of unconventional therapies in traditional biomedicine?

A) Health care in the United States is moving toward a more open-minded view of unconventional medicine.
B) Conventional medicine is more critical of alternative therapies today than ever before.
C) Hypnosis and meditation have been widely accepted within traditional medicine, but other therapies have not been accepted.
D) Dietary medicine and acupuncture have been widely accepted within traditional medicine, but other therapies have not been accepted.

Question 64

The Feingold diet eliminates food colorings, artificial flavors, and highly processed foods as a treatment for:

A) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B) hypertension.
C) cancer.
D) diabetes.

Question 65

Ed's doctor advises him to avoid several "trigger" foods, including wheat and dairy products. The doctor apparently believes Ed has a:

A) macrobiotic reaction.
B) nutritional deficit.
C) repetitive food disorder.
D) food allergy.

Question 66

Which term describes substances that have long been available in Europe and are becoming increasingly available in the United States, and which seem to be more effective, perhaps due to higher dosages than those found in dried herbs?

A) essential extracts
B) standardized extracts
C) elemental extracts
D) homogeneous extracts

Question 67

The Pritikin and Ornish diets have been demonstrated to be effective in ______ in people with ______.

A) lowering insulin levels; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) lowering glucagon; hypertension
C) raising white blood counts; cancer
D) lowering blood glucose levels; diabetes