Deck 4: Health-Promoting Behaviors

Question 1

In Canada, Aboriginal women appear to be vulnerable to obesity.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The single greatest cause of accidental death is

A) motorcycle and automobile accidents.
B) accidental poisoning or falls.
C) occupational accidents.
D) household accidents.
E) drowning.

Answer 2

motorcycle and automobile accidents.

Question 3

Reducing dietary cholesterol may be associated with decreases in the incidence of disease and death due to heart disease.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Parents are most likely to undertake injury prevention activities

A) if they believe that the recommended steps really will avoid injuries.
B) if they feel knowledgeable and competent to teach safety skills to their children.
C) if they have a realistic sense of how much time will actually be involved.
D) because they have control over the child's environment.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 5

Fitness levels of Canadian adults and children have significantly declined over the past 25 years.

Question 6

Educating women about the importance of having a regular clinical breast exam often depends on beliefs about ____________.

A) vulnerability
B) perceived barriers
C) self-efficacy
D) race
E) religion

Question 7

Child and youth head injury rates are lower in provinces where there is bicycle helmet legislation.

Question 8

Breast cancer and prostate cancer are similar in that

A) the average age of onset is increasing.
B) both are a common cause of death in young adults.
C) the likelihood of survival is high.
D) the likelihood of survival improves with early detection.
E) both are specific only to women.

Question 9

The clinical breast exam is the most effective screening activity for breast cancer.

Question 10

Sleep apnea involves trouble going to sleep or staying asleep.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a factor that reduces compliance with mammography recommendations?

A) Early detection of breast cancer through the use of mammography has had little effect on survival rates.
B) Mammograms frequently are not a standard part of older women's medical care.
C) Older women have fragmented medical care.
D) Minority women often do not have a regular source of health care.
E) Socioeconomic status.

Question 12

Communications to adolescents and young adults about sunscreen use should emphasize

A) short-term health risks.
B) long-term health risks.
C) gains that sunscreen use will bring them.
D) none of these answers are correct and useful.
E) that tanned skin is damaged skin.

Question 13

Because of social factors that encourage weight-related concerns, girls and women of all ages engage in more exercise than do boys and men.

Question 14

People who engage in regular, vigorous exercise may reduce their risk of certain forms of cancer.

Question 15

Effectively promoting the use of seat belts requires

A) social engineering
B) health education
C) psychological intervention
D) enforcing penalties for non-use
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 16

Community-based programs that use _________ promote participation in colorectal cancer screening programs.

A) social networks
B) reminder notices
C) church-based interventions
D) health care provider recommendations
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 17

_______________ cancer is the second highest cause of cancerous deaths in Western countries.

A) Breast
B) Prostate
C) Colorectal
D) Skin
E) Pancreatic

Question 18

Hands-free cell phone use while driving

A) is risk free
B) is associated with significantly less performance deficits compared to hand-held cell phone use while driving
C) is dangerous because it involves talking on the phone while driving
D) holds no more risk than talking with passengers in the car
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 19

Repeated dieting can predispose the dieter to put on weight.

Question 20

Greater stress is linked to consuming more fatty foods and less fruits and vegetables.

Question 21

Research on the cognitive benefits of exercise suggests that

A) engaging in moderate levels of aerobic exercise for as little as six months can significantly improve cognitive functioning in older adults.
B) regular cardiovascular exercise can improve academic performance for children.
C) regular cardiovascular exercise can improve cognitive functioning for children.
D) regular cardiovascular exercise can improve academic performance for adults and children of any age.
E) engaging in high intensity aerobic exercise is needed for any significant change.

Question 22

Approximately ___ of Canadians over 12 consume the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables each day.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 35%
D) 45%
E) 60%

Question 23

Poor eating habits in adolescence and adulthood is likely to affect

A) the size of fat cells.
B) the number of fat cells.
C) both the size and number of fat cells.
D) the metabolic rate.
E) a propensity for fat storage.

Question 24

The most powerful determinant of what a family eats is

A) the husband's food preferences.
B) the wife's food preferences.
C) the children's food preferences.
D) health considerations.
E) who does the grocery shopping.

Question 25

The proportion of Canadians in the 10 provinces who were moderately active in their leisure time rose ______________ from 1996-97 to 2005.

A) 1%
B) 3%
C) 9%
D) 15%
E) 25%

Question 26

The best predictor of regular exercise is

A) accessible exercise settings.
B) willpower.
C) gender.
D) regular exercise.
E) self-efficacy.

Question 27

Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that fat in the _______________ is an especially potent risk factor for diseases.

A) abdomen
B) hips and buttocks
C) abdomen, hips, and buttocks
D) thighs
E) thighs and hips

Question 28

Which one of the following people is MOST at risk for becoming overweight or obese?

A) Sara, an 11-year-old who lives on an Aboriginal reserve
B) Julie, a 15-year-old who lives in a small rural community
C) Jake, a 14-year-old who lives in Toronto
D) Sam, a 10-year-old immigrant living in Vancouver
E) Annabelle, a 20-year-old who lives on the prairies

Question 29

In the study in Nova Scotia, the students attending schools which had an intensive, multifaceted nutrition program showed

A) lower rates of obesity.
B) healthier diets.
C) higher levels of physical activity.
D) All of these answers are correct.
E) None of these answers are correct. These benefits came from having a healthy-menu nutrition program in place.

Question 30

Aerobic exercise involves _______________ activities.

A) low-intensity, long-duration
B) low-intensity, short-duration
C) high-intensity, long-duration
D) high-intensity, short-duration
E) low endurance

Question 31

Poor diet has been linked with

A) cancer.
B) coronary heart disease.
C) intellectual functioning.
D) large direct health care costs.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 32

Successfully making dietary change depends upon

A) motivation.
B) self-efficacy.
C) the perception that dietary change has important health benefits.
D) a commitment to long-term health.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 33

Researchers investigating the effect of aerobic exercise on psychological functioning conclude that

A) exercise appears to have a modest effect on mood and well-being immediately after a workout.
B) whereas immediate improvements in mood and well-being are associated with aerobic exercise, long-term participation in an exercise program has an even stronger effect on mood and mental health.
C) the positive effect of exercise on mood is unrelated to increased self-efficacy.
D) whereas exercise is associated with improved mood, it has no effect on personality variables such as the self-concept and self-esteem.
E) there are no significant effects of exercise on psychological functioning.

Question 34

People who are obese may avoid going to the doctor because

A) they feel guilty about their size.
B) getting in and out of a car may be too difficult.
C) hospital gowns may not cover them.
D) they perceive their risk for health problems as low.
E) getting in and out of the car is difficult and hospital gowns may not cover them.

Question 35

People who _________________ are more likely to exercise.

A) enjoy their form of exercise
B) perceive themselves as athletic
C) have social support from friends to exercise
D) have positive attitudes towards physical activity
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 36

Which of the following factors is NOT implicated in the development of obesity?

A) style of eating
B) stomach size
C) family history
D) place
E) values

Question 37

Exercise

A) has been consistently associated with improved attention and concentration.
B) has been consistently associated with improved attention but not concentration.
C) may initially facilitate attention, but this gain may be cancelled out by the effects of fatigue.
D) has not been found to have any effect on cognitive processes.
E) decreases maximum oxygen consumption to the brain, slowing down brain function.

Question 38

A typical exercise prescription is to accumulate _______________ or more minutes of moderate-intensity activity on most days of the week.

A) 15
B) 20
C) 30
D) 45
E) 60

Question 39

Which of the following people is LEAST likely to exercise regularly?

A) Joe, a 10-year-old boy
B) Jill, a 15-year-old girl
C) Jack, a 35-year-old man
D) Jacqueline, a 20-year-old woman
E) Juana, a 45-year-old woman

Question 40

Self-efficacy has been found to be related to the positive effect derived from exercise in that

A) subjects with high self-efficacy beliefs reported more positive mood.
B) positive effect has been found to predict subsequent self-efficacy beliefs.
C) subjects with low self-efficacy beliefs are less likely to exercise.
D) positive effect may help maintain the practice of exercise.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 41

Chronic partial sleep can result in all of the following except

A) increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease.
B) adversely affect appetite regulation.
C) compromise the ability to secrete and respond to insulin.
D) decrease cortisol secretion.
E) reduce the efficacy of flu shots.

Question 42

With respect to eating behaviours, stress

A) may suppress physiological cues suggesting hunger.
B) lead to lower consumption of food.
C) disinhibit dieters and lead to increases in food intake.
D) incline dieters to eat more high-caloric foods.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 43

Explain why recommendations to reduce cholesterol are controversial. Include in your answer an explanation of the advantages and disadvantages of adopting a low-cholesterol diet.

Question 44

Sleep apnea

A) is an air pipe blockage that disrupts sleep and can compromise health.
B) causes some people to sleep very soundly.
C) is easy to diagnose.
D) has no effective treatment.
E) is only present in humans.

Question 45

As the text notes, people who are high in self-efficacy are more likely to adhere to exercise and weight-loss regimens. Summarize the research investigating the relationship between self-efficacy, exercise, obesity, and weight loss.

Question 46

According to your text, about _______________ is spent each year on health care costs directly or indirectly related to obesity.

A) $1.1 billion
B) $2.4 billion
C) $4.3 billion
D) $3.4 billion
E) $8.6 billion

Question 47

Multimodal programs to modify obesity typically include which of the following components?

A) exercise
B) cognitive restructuring
C) social support
D) self-monitoring
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 48

Suppose you are designing a program to be administered through the county health department to increase the frequency of mammograms among community residents. What techniques would be most effective to include in this program and why?

Question 49

Which one of the following people is MOST likely to report sleep disturbances?

A) Keren, who just lost her husband to a work-related accident.
B) Aisha, who suffers from major depressive disorder.
C) Steven, who suffers from sleep apnea.
D) John, who does not exercise very often.
E) David, who sleeps more than 9 hours a night.

Question 50

Abdominal fat that increases in response to stress is sometimes called

A) watermelon gut.
B) stress weight.
C) midriff response.
D) belly stress.
E) stress stomach.

Question 51

Appetite-suppressing drugs may cause participants to

A) lose an insubstantial amount of weight.
B) regain weight slowly.
C) stop eating altogether for prolonged periods of time.
D) attribute any weight loss to the drug and not their own efforts.
E) suffer from long term effects to their metabolic rate.

Question 52

Very low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets

A) do a poor job in helping people lose weight initially.
B) are the hardest to maintain.
C) results in weight gain from overeating following food restriction.
D) are effective for long term weight loss.
E) lack the daily required amount of carbohydrates and fats.

Question 53

A national longitudinal survey of Canadian children from 1994 to 2002 found that as the _______________ increased, child obesity rates declined.

A) number of parks in the neighbourhood
B) distance from a major city
C) income level of the neighbourhood
D) density of the neighbourhood
E) home town temperature

Question 54

Which of the follow is not true about sleep apnea?

A) Sleep involves waking dozens and even hundreds of times each night without being aware of it.
B) Sleep apnea is easy to diagnose.
C) Sleep apnea contributes to high rates of accidents in the workplace.
D) Sleep apnea may be associated with fitful snoring throughout the night.
E) Sleep apnea is caused by an air pipe blockage.

Question 55

Gastric surgery to control extreme obesity

A) has some risk and side effects that are common.
B) is usually reserved for people who are at least 100% overweight.
C) is usually reserved for people who have failed repeatedly to lose weight through other means.
D) involves stapling the stomach to reduce its capacity to hold food.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 56

Explain why exercise is so good for you. Include in your answer the physical and psychological outcomes associated with exercise.

Question 57

Dieting

A) is a slow, but eventually effective, treatment for obesity.
B) repeatedly increases the likelihood of long-term weight loss.
C) has physiological, but not psychological, effects.
D) resulting in weight loss usually matches the expectations of the clients.
E) None of these statements are true about dieting.

Question 58

Obesity tends to run in families. Citing the research from the text, explain why this is so.

Question 59

As few as _______________ nights in a row of poor sleep can impair metabolic and hormonal function.

A) two
B) six
C) seven
D) eight
E) nine

Question 60

Evaluations of cognitive-behavioural weight-loss programs conclude that

A) such programs are unlikely to meet most people's needs because 95% of all diets fail.
B) such programs produce only modest weight loss and maintenance of weight loss.
C) such programs can be successful for helping people lose weight and maintain weight loss up to 3 years later, whether they are administered on an individual or group basis.
D) such programs appear to be more useful for severely obese persons than for mildly obese persons.
E) they are ineffective because most people have a weight set point that is not easily changed.

Question 61

Discuss why using cell phones while driving can be just as dangerous as impaired driving.