Deck 4: Client-Centered Therapy Nathaniel J Raskin, Carl R Rogers and Marjorie C Witty

Question 1

In Rogers's personality theory, behavior is defined as

A) the direct result of reinforcement and punishment.
B) a goal directed attempt to satisfy an organism's needs.
C) a biologically driven process of interacting.
D) fulfillment of the drives of the id, ego, and superego.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The conceptual development of a concept of self is

A) a process completed by adulthood.
B) unrelated to relationships with others.
C) absolutely indefinable operationally.
D) a fluid, changing process.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Client-centered therapy focuses most heavily on the

A) present.
B) future.
C) past.
D) irrational.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Rogers believed that an organism has one basic tendency and striving, which is

A) a drive to seek and maintain pleasurable sensory experiences.
B) to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism.
C) fulfillment of basic needs for personal and species survival.
D) an aggressive force the individual must balance with societal needs.

Question 5

In developing his theory and clinical practice regarding client-centered therapy, Carl Rogers was heavily influenced by the work of

A) Albert Ellis.
B) Kurt Goldstein.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Aaron Beck.

Question 6

What is an ethical claim signifying that human beings should not be used as means to others' ends?

A) Dignity
B) Personhood
C) Client-centered therapy
D) Psychological theories

Question 7

The event most commonly identified with the birth of client-centered therapy is

A) America's involvement in World War II.
B) Maslow's creation of the hierarchy of needs.
C) Rogers's presentation at the University of Minnesota.
D) Rogers's association with Elizabeth Davis.

Question 8

Client-centered therapists believe that empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence are

A) conveyed simply through listening and repeating the patient's words.
B) attitudes consonant with a therapist's values and beliefs.
C) variables the client brings to the therapeutic relationship.
D) attributes that can be faked while the therapist is in training.

Question 9

If given a choice, Rogers believed most individuals would chose to be

A) dependent.
B) sick.
C) aggressive.
D) healthy.

Question 10

According to Rogers, psychological maladjustment occurs when an individual

A) denies significant sensory and visceral experiences.
B) obtains insight regarding current and past experiences.
C) relies on internal resources to define self-concept.
D) accepts organic experiences into the self-structure.

Question 11

Which term refers to a state of wholeness and integration?

A) Empathy
B) Positive regard
C) Congruence
D) Experiencing

Question 12

Which of the following represents a similarity between Rogers's approach and Rankian theory?

A) Viewing the individual based on unconscious forces
B) Emphasis on transferential relationships
C) Allowing the client to be the central figure
D) Reliance on interpretation in therapy

Question 13

The client-centered therapist strives to use an approach that is best described as

A) medical.
B) instrumental.
C) directive.
D) expressive.

Question 14

The University of Wisconsin study of hospitalized schizophrenics showed that treatment outcome correlated highest with the

A) therapist's perception of the therapeutic relationship.
B) client's perception of the therapeutic relationship.
C) researcher's objective ratings of therapeutic process.
D) time spent with clients who received the least empathy.

Question 15

An infant's ability to evaluate experience in terms of how it maintains or enhances them is known as

A) self-concept.
B) self-preservation.
C) direct organismic valuing.
D) distorted symbolization.

Question 16

According to Rogers, the center of an individual's world of experience is the

A) mother.
B) father.
C) family.
D) individual.

Question 17

A distinctive characteristic of client-centered therapy is the emphasis on the

A) human being as a person.
B) evolutionary development of emotions.
C) therapist's maintenance of a directive stance.
D) earliest recollections of the client.

Question 18

Gendlin's experiential therapy locates the experiencing process in the

A) family.
B) society.
C) therapist.
D) body.

Question 19

For social purposes, reality is defined as

A) common perceptions across individuals.
B) the private world of individual perceptions.
C) uncommon perceptions across individuals.
D) public knowledge of an individual's perceptions.

Question 20

Success in client-centered therapy corresponds with a(n)

A) rigid experiential mode.
B) dependence on the therapist.
C) devaluation of others.
D) internal locus of control.

Question 21

Understanding another individual by "living" in their internal frame of reference is

A) knowledge.
B) empathy.
C) congruence.
D) reality.

Question 22

When asked for advice, a person-centered therapist would most likely

A) facilitate the patient's personal decision-making.
B) provide an opinion based on empathic knowledge.
C) focus on the transferential nature of the interaction.
D) assign homework that would allow self-discovery.

Question 23

In person-centered therapy, termination is decided by

A) symptom reduction.
B) the therapist.
C) the client.
D) behavior change.

Question 24

Zimring underscores the importance of how humans become persons within the context of their

A) own psyche.
B) culture.
C) family.
D) psychic distress.

Question 25

In ambiguous situations, individuals tend to symbolize experiences in a manner consistent with

A) social reality.
B) parental attitudes.
C) self-concept.
D) a therapist.

Question 26

The conclusion drawn from meta-analyses and large-scale studies that all major psychotherapies yield comparable effect sizes is referred to as the

A) Dodo Bird effect.
B) common factors research.
C) Zimring's paradigm.
D) client-driven model.

Question 27

When a therapist is able to maintain an unaltered attitude about a patient, regardless of the patient's comments or choices, this is referred to as _______.

Question 28

A client-centered therapist would likely view the diagnostic process as

A) crucial to treatment planning.
B) a colossal waste of time.
C) vital to establishing empathy.
D) enhancing the client's locus of control.

Question 29

For Carl Rogers, _______, _______, and _______ were the three basic requirements to create a therapeutic environment.

Question 30

The process by which an individual becomes aware of an experience is known as

A) symbolization.
B) reality.
C) actualization.
D) experience.

Question 31

In addition to the basic requirements of the therapeutic environment for the therapist, Rogers believed that the client must focus on _______, _______, and _______.

Question 32

Carl Rogers believed that all humans had _______ tendency, which he saw as a part of the _______ tendency of the world.

Question 33

A successful person-centered therapy outcome would be defined by

A) objective assessments indicating progress.
B) alleviation of symptoms representing a diagnostic label.
C) a therapist's perception that the client improved.
D) the client's evaluation that therapy was beneficial.

Question 34

For a "moment of movement," each statement is true EXCEPT which of the following?

A) The experience has the quality of being unacceptable.
B) It is an experience without barriers or inhibitions.
C) For the first time it is being experienced completely.
D) It is not a thought, but an experience at that instant.

Question 35

In the first interview, a person-centered therapist will

A) gather historical information.
B) go where the client goes.
C) develop a treatment plan.
D) complete a diagnostic formulation.

Question 36

If a child were raised by critical parents and unable to verbalize their own thoughts and feelings, Zimring's paradigm would suggest degradation of the

A) subjective context.
B) family context.
C) objective context.
D) everyday world.

Question 37

Client-centered therapy was developed by ___________.

Question 38

Fully functioning individuals capable of experiencing complete emotions rely on

A) external sources of evaluation.
B) pleasure sustaining impulses.
C) organismic valuing processes.
D) biological instincts and drives.

Question 39

Rogers's ethical vision of the person is expressed in scientific language by his axiomatic concept of

A) organismic valuing process.
B) reparative therapy.
C) client-centered therapy.
D) actualizing tendency.

Question 40

In Lambert's meta-analytical review evaluating client-centered therapy, the outcome variable accounting for the most variance in treatment progress was

A) core conditions.
B) therapeutic techniques.
C) placebo factors.
D) client variables.

Question 41

The ethical commitment to the egalitarian nature of therapy is not an expression of orthodoxy but rather is a _________________ that guides our course without dictating the route.

Question 42

Rogers suggested that his approach could be useful in achieving conflict resolution at the international level. What difficulties might be encountered in applying his concepts internationally? What benefits might be present in utilizing a phenomenological view of conflict resolution between nations?

Question 43

For Rogers, ______________________ is the state of wholeness and integration within the experience of the person, and the hallmark of psychological adjustment.

Question 44

When a client is able to experience something without barriers, this is termed as __________.

Question 45

How would a client-centered therapist react to arguments supporting the necessity of culture-specific approaches to each racial, cultural, or ethnic group; gender identity; sexual orientation; or social class identity?

Question 46

Carl Rogers would view neurosis as the result of incongruence between the _________ and the _________.

Question 47

Do you agree or disagree with Rogers's view that individuals, if given a choice, would chose to be healthy? Why or why not? Do you believe that an individual who seeks therapy has the capacity within him- or herself to move forward in therapy constructively without direction from the therapist? Why or why not?

Question 48

Rogers described self-actualization as an inherent human tendency, which is consistent with a formative tendency. What is a formative tendency? What is an actualizing tendency? How are these concepts used in Rogers's theory of personality?

Question 49

Diagnostic formulation, psychological testing, interpretation, advice giving, and probing for historical information are not a focus of person-centered therapy. How does a client-centered therapist proceed in therapy?

Question 50

The ongoing process in which individuals freely rely on the evidence of their own sense for making value judgments is referred to as the _______.