Deck 1: Adjusting to Modern Life

Question 1

One way to determine that a self-help book may be legitimate is to

A) read the book jacket credentials of the author.
B) ask other people in the book store.
C) do an Internet search on the author.
D) call the publisher.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Self-help books about self-improvement

A) are a new phenomenon.
B) rarely promise to change the quality of the reader's life.
C) are not likely to turn the reader's life around.
D) can lead us to a nation of serene,happy,and well-adjusted people.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following should you look for in self-help books?

A) Clarity in communication
B) Focus on a particular kind of problem
C) Some mention of the theoretical or research basis for the advice
D) All of these

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Self-help books should include

A) references for published research.
B) interesting narrative.
C) knowledgeable sounding theories by the author.
D) endorsement by a famous person.

Question 5

The term psychobabble applies to

A) key terms in the field of psychology.
B) vague,but "hip" language.
C) well-defined,meaningful language used in self-help books.
D) clear jargon that enhances effective communication.

Question 6

For the most part,self-realization programs are

A) harmless.
B) effective if they are religious in nature.
C) led by people with good credentials.
D) a sign of self-confident and healthy followers.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the underlying assumptions of this textbook?

A) You can only change your behavior by consulting a professional psychologist.
B) Promises about solving your personal problems are unrealistic.
C) Changing a person's behavior is a difficult challenge.
D) You should be optimistic about your potential for personal growth.

Question 8

_____Americans enroll in self-realization programs.

A) Mostly minority
B) Hundreds of thousands of
C) Mostly elderly
D) Eighty million

Question 9

Modern technology has provided us with many time-saving devices,but

A) most of us don't use them.
B) they cost too much for most of us despite a better quality of life.
C) our sense of personal fulfillment is even greater because of them.
D) our quality of life and sense of personal fulfillment seem to have declined.

Question 10

The basic challenge of modern life has become the search for

A) meaning,a sense of direction,and a personal philosophy.
B) money.
C) more rapid cultural change.
D) further time saving devices.

Question 11

Most experts characterize self-realization programs as

A) intellectually bankrupt.
B) lucrative money-making schemes.
C) led by gurus with inflated credentials.
D) all of these.

Question 12

Self-help books

A) vary widely in quality.
B) are usually excellent.
C) offer more good than poor advice.
D) use well-defined terminology.

Question 13

A high-quality self-help book will

A) provide a wide theoretical view over much of life.
B) focus on a particular problem.
C) have a website to show it is professional.
D) be based primarily on personal anecdotes.

Question 14

Our textbook is about

A) the challenge of living in our complex,modern world.
B) you.
C) life.
D) all of these.

Question 15

______ is a personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance,a need for attention and admiration,a sense of entitlement,and a tendency to exploit others.

A) Generation X
B) Neuroticism
C) Socialism
D) Narcissism

Question 16

Narcissism includes

A) giving to others.
B) social consciousness.
C) an inflated sense of self-importance.
D) the inability to know right from wrong.

Question 17

This textbook is written because the authors

A) believe it could be potentially beneficial to their readers.
B) will unveil mysterious secrets.
C) wanted to write a self-help book.
D) believe readers need professional therapy.

Question 18

In order to evaluate self-help books for ourselves,which of the following is NOT an important evaluation technique?

A) Examine the research and supporting evidence.
B) Consider the credentials of the author.
C) Avoid books that focus on one particular type of problem.
D) Look for details with clear directions.

Question 19

One of the things to look for in a self-help book is a book that

A) does not promise too much in the way of immediate change.
B) sets up steps for quick results that represent significant change.
C) is written by someone who has a degree in life coaching.
D) promises all of these.

Question 20

This text deals with

A) different kinds of problems than self-help books.
B) different kinds of problems than self-realization programs.
C) anxiety,stress,interpersonal relationships,and self-control.
D) promises to solve your personal problems.

Question 21

A measurement of some aspect of the subject's behavior after the experimental manipulation is called a(n)______ variable.

A) control
B) dependent
C) independent
D) experimental

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a basis of empiricism?

A) Systematic observation
B) Testing hypotheses
C) Reasoning
D) Correlational methods

Question 23

The rapid growth of clinical psychology was stimulated mainly by

A) the demands of World War II.
B) growing interest in self-help approaches.
C) the inability of physicians to cure most psychological disorders.
D) psychological problems resulting from the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Question 24

A condition or event that an experimenter varies to see its impact on another variable is called a(n)______ variable.

A) control
B) dependent
C) independent
D) experimental

Question 25

Which of the following is the best example of "overt" activity?

A) Eating
B) Thinking
C) Dreaming
D) Reasoning

Question 26

According to your text,the two main types of research methods in psychology are ______ research methods and ______ research methods.

A) biased;unbiased
B) experimental;control
C) dependent;independent
D) experimental;correlational

Question 27

Which of the following is the best definition of psychology?

A) The study of consciousness
B) The study of behavior and the profession that applies knowledge from these studies to solving practical problems
C) The study of abnormal behavior and the profession that applies knowledge from these studies to diagnosing and treating people with mental illness
D) The study of motivation,emotion,and memory

Question 28

Social psychologist Stanley Schachter hypothesized that changes in anxiety would relate to the need for affiliation.In this study,the independent variable was

A) amount of anxiety.
B) desire to be with others.
C) anxious subjects.
D) need for affiliation.

Question 29

An experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates the ______variable and observes whether any changes occur in a(n)______ variable as a result.

A) control;experimental
B) experimental;control
C) independent;dependent
D) dependent;independent

Question 30

When studying adjustment in psychology we cover all of the following EXCEPT

A) a specific,narrow range of topics.
B) the effects of personality.
C) coping strategies to deal with stress.
D) an interpersonal context.

Question 31

The profession of psychology

A) developed quickly in the 1930s.
B) was primarily in education,teaching,and research prior to the 1950s.
C) is highly impractical.
D) focused on business settings prior to the 1950s.

Question 32

The process of adjustment relates to

A) how people deal with stress.
B) behavior in groups.
C) friendship and love.
D) all of these.

Question 33

Adjustment is a term modeled after the biological term of

A) global awareness.
B) impression formation.
C) adaptation.
D) environmental awareness.

Question 34

A researcher wants to determine whether students sitting in the front of the class earn higher grades than those sitting in the back of the class.In this study,the dependent variable is

A) students in the front of the class.
B) grades.
C) students in the back of the class.
D) higher scores.

Question 35

"Any overt response or activity by an organism" defines the term

A) behavior.
B) empiricism.
C) psychology.
D) mental process.

Question 36

Psychology includes

A) genetic code manipulation.
B) mental processes because they are easier to study than behavior.
C) pseudoscience that focuses on medical processes.
D) the study of physiological processes.

Question 37

Psychology is interested in

A) only human behavior.
B) mental processes,such as thoughts,feelings,and wishes.
C) only non-human animal behavior.
D) non-physiological processes.

Question 38

Psychologists' principal goal differs from other efforts because psychology is a science committed to

A) self-help.
B) speculation.
C) empiricism.
D) subjectivism.

Question 39

Some psychologists prefer to study animals rather than humans because

A) animal subjects tend to be more cooperative than humans.
B) it's easier to control the factors influencing animals' behavior.
C) researchers do not have to worry about causing discomfort to animals.
D) most animals are unable to figure out the hypotheses for a particular study.

Question 40

Social psychologist Stanley Schachter hypothesized that changes in anxiety would relate to the need for affiliation.In this study,the dependent variable was

A) amount of anxiety.
B) desire to be with others.
C) anxious subjects.
D) need for affiliation.

Question 41

A(n)___________ is a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.

A) independent variable
B) correlation coefficient
C) survey coefficient
D) experimental coefficient

Question 42

A correlation coefficient of -.20 indicates a

A) mild,inverse correlation.
B) strong,inverse correlation.
C) mild,direct correlation.
D) nonexistent correlation.

Question 43

A correlation coefficient indicates the __________ and the ___________ of the relationship between two variables.

A) cause;effect
B) control;manipulation
C) strength;direction
D) positive;negative

Question 44

Dr.Jones wants to determine whether women who smoke while pregnant will have children with more respiratory problems than those born to mothers who do not smoke.Dr.Jones should use a(n)_____ methodology.

A) experimental
B) naturalistic observation
C) case study
D) correlational

Question 45

Which of the following is the primary advantage of the experimental method?

A) It allows scientists to draw cause-and-effect conclusions.
B) It allows the study of natural observation.
C) It avoids over control of a measure.
D) It has no ethical concerns compared to other methods.

Question 46

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the weakest relationship between two variables?

A) -.36
B) -.97
C) +.75
D) +.15

Question 47

A(n)_____ group consists of subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.

A) independent variable
B) control
C) placebo
D) experimental

Question 48

A(n)_____ group consists of subjects who do NOT receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.

A) independent variable
B) control
C) experimental
D) dependent variable

Question 49

Dr.Jones wants to determine whether women who smoke while pregnant will have children with more respiratory problems than those born to mothers who do not smoke.The reason Dr.Jones cannot conduct an experiment is because

A) women in the control group might still have children with respiratory problems.
B) the placebo group needs to be given cigarettes as well.
C) women in the control group would be manipulated.
D) assignment of women to the experimental group would be unethical.

Question 50

To determine if an energy drink will affect quiz results,twenty students are given an energy drink before taking a quiz.Twenty other students are given water before taking a quiz.The control group consists of the

A) students given the energy drink.
B) students who did not take the quiz.
C) students given water to drink.
D) None of these options.

Question 51

When summer temperatures rise in the desert,the amount of outdoor activity declines.This relationship is an example of

A) a positive correlation.
B) a negative correlation.
C) cause and effect.
D) an experiment.

Question 52

The experimental and control groups should be the same in every respect except for

A) the number of subjects in each group.
B) the variation created by the manipulation of the independent variable.
C) the assumptions underlying the research question.
D) the method of measuring the dependent variable.

Question 53

A correlation exists when

A) two variables are related to each other.
B) two variables have the same underlying cause.
C) two variables are affected by a third variable.
D) a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables.

Question 54

Two kinds of relationships can be described by a correlation.They are

A) x and y variables.
B) positive and negative.
C) manipulation and measurement variables.
D) standardized and similar conditions.

Question 55

The finding that when exercise increases weight decreases is a(n)

A) positive correlation.
B) negative correlation.
C) inverse correlation.
D) indirect correlation.

Question 56

A positive correlation coefficient indicates the two variables co-vary in the __________ and a negative coefficient indicates that the variables co-vary ____________.

A) same direction;in the opposite direction
B) opposite direction;poorly
C) same direction;without direction
D) opposite direction;in the same direction

Question 57

Mario found a +0.80 correlation coefficient between temperature and ice cream consumption.He was able to conclude:

A) Higher temperatures make people eat more ice cream.
B) Eating ice cream makes people hot.
C) There is a strong relationship between temperature and ice cream consumption.
D) There is a weak relationship between temperature and ice cream prices.

Question 58

The type of research that involves no direct intervention with subjects is called

A) naturalistic observation.
B) a case study.
C) a correlation method.
D) an experiment.

Question 59

The logic of the experimental method rests heavily on the assumption that

A) two variables are positively correlated.
B) experimental and control groups are alike in all important matters except for the independent variable.
C) experimental and control groups are alike in all important matters except for the dependent variable.
D) the independent variable is quantifiable and measurable.

Question 60

Correlational research methods include

A) naturalistic observation.
B) case studies.
C) surveys.
D) all of these options.

Question 61

Research indicates that romantic relationships can be stressful

A) and married men are less happy than single men.
B) and love is an unimportant ingredient of happiness.
C) but both married men and women are happier than unmarried men and women.
D) but differences in happiness are cultural.

Question 62

Dr.Smith noticed that during the summer,an ice-cream stand extended their hours.He also noticed that temperatures were higher and that people consumed more ice cream.The variable of hours the ice-cream stand was open is an example of

A) the experimental method.
B) the third-variable problem.
C) cause and effect.
D) the placebo effect.

Question 63

A researcher asks parents in a preschool whether they believe the girls are more assertive than the boys.The researcher is using which of the following research methods?

A) Survey
B) Case study
C) Experimentation
D) Correlational method

Question 64

Which of the following has been found to be very important to overall happiness?

A) Religion
B) Personality
C) Money
D) Physical attractiveness

Question 65

According to research results,age accounts for ____ percent of people's happiness.

A) more than 90
B) about 50
C) less than 1
D) 20

Question 66

The best predictor of someone's future happiness is

A) living in a nice place.
B) having triumphs in life.
C) their past happiness.
D) avoiding religious confusion.

Question 67

Which of the following is the best description of the relationship between health and happiness?

A) Happiness may foster better health.
B) Good health is one of the best predictors of happiness.
C) Individuals who develop serious health problems have difficulty adjusting and therefore are less happy than those who are healthy.
D) People born with serious health problems are happier than others because they do not take their health for granted.

Question 68

Correlational research broadens the scope of phenomena beyond experimental research because it

A) allows investigators to do research outside a laboratory setting.
B) provides a way to investigate variables that cannot be manipulated.
C) does not require that the variables be causally related to each other.
D) involves research that does not intrude into the subjects' natural settings.

Question 69

The idea that genetics may be a strong predictor of happiness is

A) probably due to neuroticism.
B) true for a small percentage of people.
C) highly unlikely.
D) supported due to temperament and personality.

Question 70

Subjective well-being refers to

A) personal assessment of overall happiness.
B) subjects who are happy.
C) if someone is healthy.
D) measurements of commonsense attitudes.

Question 71

Research indicates that which of the following facet of life is somewhat important to a person's subjective well-being?

A) Religion
B) Money
C) Parenthood
D) Attractiveness

Question 72

Research indicates that

A) people with high IQs are happier than people with low IQs.
B) people with low IQs are happier than people with high IQs.
C) there is no association between IQ and happiness.
D) people with really high IQs and really low IQs are not as happy as people with average IQs.

Question 73

All of the following appear to have a moderate impact on subjective feelings of well-being except

A) health.
B) intelligence.
C) religious belief.
D) social activity.

Question 74

Research results suggest that which of the following is NOT very important in determining one's happiness?

A) Having children
B) Being attractive
C) Having more money
D) None of these is very important

Question 75

_____ is very important to subjective well-being because causation flows both ways regarding job satisfaction.

A) Work
B) Money
C) Relationship satisfaction
D) Social activity

Question 76

A researcher observes and speaks with a child to determine if that child feels more assertive than other children.The researcher is using which of the following research methods?

A) Survey
B) Case study
C) Experimentation
D) Naturalistic observation

Question 77

A researcher takes notes while watching children on a playground to see if boys are more assertive than girls.The researcher is using which of the following research methods?

A) Survey
B) Case study
C) Experimentation
D) Naturalistic observation

Question 78

Surveys are used to gather data that is difficult to observe directly.A problem with surveys is that

A) the results will be difficult to measure.
B) the results cannot be applied across large groups.
C) the results cannot determine cause and effect.
D) All of these apply.

Question 79

The major disadvantage of correlational research is that it

A) is costly to carry out.
B) is artificial,and it is hard to apply the results to real-life settings.
C) is time-consuming and impractical.
D) cannot demonstrate what caused what effect.

Question 80

The results of empirical surveys about well-being indicate that

A) the majority of people rate themselves as unhappy.
B) 45% of people rate themselves as unhappy.
C) a small minority of people rate themselves as unhappy.
D) minority groups are more unhappy than non-minorities.