Deck 17: Nutrition, metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation

Question 1

Meat,dairy products,eggs,and coconut oil contain mostly

A)polyunsaturated fat.
B)monounsaturated fat.
C)saturated fat.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of these statements about lipids is true of a "healthy" diet?

A)A gram of triglyceride provides half as many calories as a gram of carbohydrate or protein.
B)Cholesterol provides most of the energy for skeletal muscle cells.
C)Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane and myelin sheaths.
D)Steroid hormones are formed from modified triglyceride molecules.
E)Saturated fats should contribute to no more than 50 percent of the total fat intake.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In general,cells derive energy from different nutrients in the following order:

A)carbohydrates,then proteins,then lipids
B)lipids,then proteins,then carbohydrates
C)carbohydrates,then lipids,then proteins
D)nucleic acids,then proteins,then lipids
E)Cells do not preferentially use one type of nutrient over another.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A typical diet in the United States consists of which of these molecules in greatest abundance?

A)carbohydrates
B)protein
C)fat

Question 5

If Joe Schmoe eats the entire bag of chips with the food label shown,how many calories has Joe consumed?

A)160
B)240
C)320
D)400
E)480

Question 6

From the given food label calculate how many CALORIES per serving come from protein alone.

A)8
B)16
C)50
D)80
E)160

Question 7

A deficiency of ___________ can result in rickets or osteomalacia (weak bones).

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamins)
C)vitamin C
D)vitamin D
E)vitamin B₁ (thiamine)

Question 8

Vitamins that cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through the diet are called

A)provitamins.
B)essential vitamins.
C)fat-soluble vitamins.
D)water-soluble vitamins.
E)hypervitamins.

Question 9

In the USDA "MyPyramid" of 2005,the narrowing of each food group from bottom to top represents

A)the idea that variety is necessary because no one food contains all of the nutrients necessary for health.
B)the idea that moderation is required for a healthy lifestyle.
C)the idea that a balanced diet includes foods from each of the food groups.
D)the idea that the wider base represents foods with high solid fats,added sugars,and caloric sweeteners.
E)the importance of daily exercise.

Question 10

Beginning in 2006,the US Food and Drug Administration requires that food labels include a detailed list of the amounts of which of the following?

A)trans fats and saturated fats
B)satuarated fats and lecithin
C)glucose and fructose
D)glucose
E)lecithin

Question 11

Fiber,or "roughage" in the diet usually comes from

A)starch.
B)glycogen.
C)cellulose.
D)maltose.
E)glucose.

Question 12

Which of these is NOT a complex carbohydrate?

A)starch
B)glycogen
C)cellulose
D)maltose

Question 13

Which of these molecules contains the most energy per unit of weight?

A)protein
B)fat
C)carbohydrate

Question 14

From the given food label calculate how many CALORIES per serving come from fat alone.

A)10
B)16
C)40
D)90
E)160

Question 15

For humans,the proteins in the body are constructed of a total of ______ amino acids and ______ of those are essential amino acids.

A)20,12
B)12,9
C)20,9
D)30,12
E)30,9

Question 16

Which of these nutrients are taken into the body without being broken down?

A)carbohydrates
B)lipids
C)proteins
D)vitamins
E)All except vitamins are absorbed without being digested first.

Question 17

Vitamins are involved in

A)production of energy.
B)normal cell division and growth.
C)synthesis of blood clotting proteins.
D)nucleic acid synthesis.
E)all of these.

Question 18

Which of these carbohydrates is derived from animals?

A)lactose
B)glucose
C)maltose
D)fructose
E)sucrose

Question 19

Which of these is an incomplete protein?

A)red meat
B)milk
C)fish
D)beans
E)poultry

Question 20

A primary energy source for most cells is

A)lactose.
B)glucose.
C)maltose.
D)fructose.
E)sucrose.

Question 21

Lecithin

A)is a type of carbohydrate.
B)is a major component of cell membranes.
C)should be eliminated from the foods you consume.
D)is a by product of protein metabolism.
E)is used in anaerobic respiration.

Question 22

Glycogen

A)is formed when many glucose molecules are bonded together.
B)is a short-term energy storage molecule.
C)is stored mostly in skeletal muscle and the liver.
D)has all of these properties.
E)has none of these properties.

Question 23

Saturated fats

A)have a single covalent bond between their fatty acid carbon atoms.
B)have one or more double bonds between their fatty acid carbon atoms.
C)are found in olive oil and peanut oil.
D)are found in fish.
E)are found in sunflower and corn oils.

Question 24

Energy is

A)released when ATP is converted to ADP.
B)required for muscle contraction and active transport.
C)released when glucose molecules are broken down.
D)All of these statements are correct.
E)None of these statements are correct.

Question 25

Minerals

A)must be manufactured by the body to meet daily requirements.
B)constitute about 25% of the body's weight.
C)are inorganic nutrients essential for normal body functions.
D)are organic molecules that provide antioxidants.
E)Both must be manufactured by the body to meet daily requirements and are organic molecules that provide antioxidants are correct.

Question 26

A carrier molecule that carries released energy to the electron transport system is

A)ATP.
B)ADP.
C)NADH.
D)protein.
E)lipid.

Question 27

Metabolism

A)is the process that provides energy for doing work in the body.
B)is the total of all the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
C)consists of both anabolism and catabolism.
D)requires ingestion and absorption of nutrients.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 28

Which of these reactions take place in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A)citric acid cycle
B)electron transport chain
C)glycolysis
D)production of lactic acid
E)All of these occur in both forms of cellular respiration.

Question 29

Anaerobic respiration

A)starts with glycolysis.
B)produces two molecules of lactic acid.
C)produces 2 ATP's.
D)creates an oxygen debt.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 30

Vitamins

A)are inorganic substances produced by the body in response to a stimulus.
B)function as coenzymes in the body.
C)are inorganic substances produced by the body to prevent the formation of provitamins.
D)should be removed from your diet to prevent disease.
E)All of these are true of vitamins.

Question 31

Which of these statements about cellular respiration is NOT correct?

A)Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell,but the rest of aerobic respiration occurs in a mitochondrion.
B)Aerobic respiration produces more ATP's per molecule of glucose than anaerobic respiration.
C)Energy is required to change pyruvic acid to lactic acid,but energy is released when pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA.
D)Oxygen is required for glycolysis.
E)Oxygen is required to change lactic acid back to glucose.

Question 32

In the process of glycolysis,

A)glucose is broken down.
B)there is a net gain of 2 ATP's for the cell.
C)2 acetyl CoA molecules are formed from each glucose molecule broken down.
D)2 ATP's are used,but 4 ATP's are produced for each glucose molecule broken down.
E)all of these events occur.

Question 33

Nutrients

A)are chemicals taken into the body.
B)provide energy.
C)provide building blocks for new molecules.
D)are divided into six major categories including carbohydrates,fats,proteins,water,minerals,and vitamins.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 34

Free radicals are thought to damage body cells because

A)they bind with needed enzymes,thereby preventing the reactions that the enzyme normally catalyzes from proceeding.
B)they replace their missing electrons with those from cell molecules,thereby damaging the cell.
C)they build up in the arteries and cause arteriosclerosis.
D)they actively breakdown organelles.
E)they signal the cell to divide before it is ready to.

Question 35

Trans fats

A)are found in many processed foods.
B)raise the concentration of low density lipoproteins in the blood.
C)ingestion can raise the risk of cardiovascular disease.
D)lower the concentration of high density lipoproteins in the blood.
E)All of these are true of trans fats.

Question 36

Complex carbohydrates are recommended by the US Department of Health and Human Services because

A)starchy foods often contain other valuable nutrients.
B)they have a faster rate of digestion and absorption than simple carbohydrates.
C)they result in larger fluctuations in blood glucose levels than simple carbohydrates.
D)diets high in them can result in acidosis.
E)All of these are reasons why complex carbohydrates are recommended.

Question 37

Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs)

A)establish a minimum intake of vitamins and minerals that should protect 97% of the group from diseases caused by deficiencies.
B)are re-evaluated every 4 to 5 years.
C)are the nutrient intakes that are sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all people in certain age and gender groups.
D)include separate recommendations for different aged men,women,children and lactating women.
E)All of these are true of RDAs.

Question 38

A provitamin

A)is a part of a vitamin that can be assembled or modified by the body to form a functional vitamin.
B)is a vitamin whose chemical structure has been destroyed.
C)is an essential vitamin that can not be produced by the body and must be ingested.
D)is a type of triglyceride.
E)Both is a vitamin whose chemical structure has been destroyed and is an essential vitamin that can not be produced by the body and must be ingested are correct.

Question 39

"The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005"

A)take into account a person's age,sex and activity level.
B)has six colored bands that represent the approximate recommended proportions of each food group.
C)includes grains,vegetables,fruits,milk and milk products,fats and oils,and meat and beans as food groups.
D)has a person climbing a staircase up the pyramid to represent the need for daily exercise.
E)All of these statements are correct.

Question 40

The energy released by cellular metabolism

A)is used to form CO₂.
B)may be transported by carrier molecules to the electron transport chain.
C)is used to make ADP.
D)comes from a series of six chemical reactions.
E)has all of these properties.

Question 41

Irma is 1.7m tall and weighs 70kg.She has a BMI of

A)119.
B)2.
C)41.
D)4.
E)24.

Question 42

During the absorptive state,

A)blood glucose concentration is high.
B)blood glucose concentration is low.
C)glycogen is converted into glucose.
D)absorbed fats are broken down to produce energy.
E)the majority of the absorbed amino acids are being broken down to produce energy.

Question 43

The number 1 in the diagram represents

A)glycolysis.
B)anaerobic respiration.
C)aerobic respiration.
D)the Krebs' cycle.
E)the electron transport system.

Question 44

The biochemical pathways in the body are regulated by

A)the concentration of enzymes present.
B)the type of enzymes present.
C)negative feedback on enzyme activity by the product of the pathway.
D)the inhibition or stimulation of enzyme activity by hormones.
E)All of these regulate biochemical pathways in the body.

Question 45

For the average person,which of these accounts for the greatest proportion of total energy expenditure?

A)basal metabolism
B)muscular activity
C)food assimilation

Question 46

The products of protein digestion are

A)fatty acids.
B)ketone bodies.
C)glycerol.
D)amino acids.
E)lactic acid.

Question 47

During the first phase of starvation

A)blood levels of glucose are greatly reduced below normal.
B)the brain immediately switches to ketone bodies as a primary fuel source.
C)glucose continues to be stored as glycogen.
D)fats begin to be used by most tissues other than the brain as primary fuel sources.
E)death is immediate.

Question 48

Aerobic respiration

A)is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.
B)produces 24 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose.
C)occurs in a ribosome.
D)produces carbon dioxide,lactic acid,and water.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 49

The process represented in the figure takes place in/on the

A)mitochondrial christae.
B)inner mitochondrial membrane.
C)outer mitochondrial membrane.
D)cytoplasm.
E)ribosome.

Question 50

Metabolic energy can be used for

A)basal metabolism.
B)muscle contraction.
C)assimilation of food.
D)biosynthesis of cellular components.
E)all of these processes.

Question 51

In aerobic respiration,

A)acetyl CoA molecules are formed from pyruvic acid.
B)acetyl CoA molecules combine with a 4-carbon molecule to produce citric acid.
C)carrier molecules take released energy to the electron-transport chain.
D)oxygen is combined with hydrogen ions to form water.
E)all of these events occur.

Question 52

The human body's main long-term energy storage molecules are

A)glycogen.
B)fats.
C)proteins.
D)amino acids.
E)monosaccharides.

Question 53

When amino acids are used for energy,

A)an amine group is removed from the amino acid.
B)ammonia is converted to urea by the liver.
C)keto acids can be converted to pyruvic acid,acetyl CoA,or glucose.
D)all of these events occur.
E)none of these events occur.

Question 54

Will eating a diet that contains only protein prevent a person from increasing their amount of body fat,regardless of how much they eat?

A)Yes; protein is broken down to form amino acids,which can only be used to form new proteins.
B)Yes; fat can be formed from glucose or fatty acids,but not amino acids.
C)No; breakdown products from amino acids can enter the citric acid cycle,or be converted into acetyl CoA,pyruvic acid,or glucose.

Question 55

From the data about Irma's BMI she is

A)underweight.
B)the desirable weight.
C)overweight.
D)obese.

Question 56

Acetyl CoA can

A)enter the electron transport chain directly.
B)combine with another acetyl CoA to form ketone bodies.
C)be converted to glycerol.
D)be converted to amino acids.
E)be converted of CO₂ directly.

Question 57

Which of these are reasons why exercise would help a person lose weight?

A)Exercise increases energy usage.
B)Exercise elevates temperature and causes an oxygen debt,which will elevate a person's basal metabolic rate.
C)During exercise,epinephrine levels will increase,resulting in increased blood glucose,which can depress the hunger center in the brain.
D)All of these are associated with exercise and promotion of weight loss.
E)None of these are associated with exercise and most will not promote weight loss.

Question 58

To gain one pound of body fat,the daily input of energy should exceed the energy requirement by

A)3.5 calories.
B)35 calories
C)350 calories.
D)3500 calories.
E)35,000 calories.

Question 59

In the metabolism of fatty acids,two carbon atoms are removed from the end of the fatty acid chain to form one

A)amino acid.
B)acetyl CoA.
C)ATP.
D)water.
E)oxygen.

Question 60

Clinical obesity is defined as

A)a body mass index above 30 and 10% above Met Life "desired" body weight.
B)a body mass index above 30 and 20% or more above Met Life "desired" body weight.
C)a body mass index above 25 and 10% above Met Life "desired" body weight.
D)a body mass index above 25 and 20% or more above Met Life "desired" body weight.
E)There is no clinical definition; if you feel fat,you are obese.

Question 61

Which of these types of heat exchange is NOT matched with its correct definition?

A)convection - transfer of heat between the body and the air
B)radiation - loss of heat as infrared energy
C)evaporation - conversion of water from a liquid to a gaseous form
D)conduction - transfer of heat between objects that are close together,but not touching

Question 62

Of the total energy released by catabolism of food,approximately how much is lost as heat?

A)10%
B)20%
C)33%
D)50%
E)more than 50%

Question 63

Which of these conditions are associated with heat stroke?

A)Heat loss exceeds heat gain.
B)Heavy sweating,cool,wet skin,weakness,dizziness and nausea.
C)Dry,flushed skin,confusion,coma
D)Heat gain exceeds heat loss.
E)Both dry,flushed skin,confusion,coma and heat gain exceeds heat loss are consistent with heat stroke.

Question 64

____________ is the gain or loss of heat between two objects not in direct contact with one another.

A)Evaporation
B)Convection
C)Respiration
D)Conduction
E)Radiation

Question 65

Loss of water from the body that carries heat away with it is called

A)evaporation.
B)convection.
C)respiration.
D)conduction.
E)radiation.

Question 66

____________ is the exchange of heat between objects in direct contact with each other.

A)Evaporation
B)Convection
C)Respiration
D)Conduction
E)Radiation

Question 67

A small area in the anterior portion of the __________ detects slight increases in body temperature through changes in blood temperature.

A)hypothalamus
B)medulla oblongata
C)heart
D)kidneys
E)adrenal glands

Question 68

Hyperplastic obesity

A)has a strong genetic component.
B)is influenced by eating habits.
C)results in an increase in the number of adipose cells.
D)can be accompanied by hypertrophic obesity.
E)All of these are true of hyperplastic obesity.

Question 69

_______________ is the transfer of heat between the body and the air.

A)Evaporation
B)Convection
C)Respiration
D)Conduction
E)Radiation

Question 70

Constriction of blood vessels in the skin in response to cold

A)increases heat loss to the environment.
B)will make the skin warmer.
C)will decrease the difference between body temperature and environmental temperature.
D)will change the temperature "set point" in the hypothalamus.
E)will produce all of these effects.

Question 71

In the postabsorptive state

A)glycogen stored in the liver is broken down.
B)blood glucose levels become low,triggering homeostatic mechanisms.
C)fats are used as an energy source by tissues other than those of the CNS.
D)amino acids are converted into glucose as needed.
E)All of these can occur in the postabsorptive state.