Deck 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior

Question 1

A ________ psychopath is born with a normal personality but develops psychopathic characteristics as a result of personal experiences early in life.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) charismatic
D) distempered

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Why is criminal history not considered a criminogenic need?

A) It is a static element not amenable to change
B) It is not associated with rates of recidivism
C) It is not a risk factor for continuing criminality
D) None of the above - criminal history is a criminogenic need

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The psychoanalytical concept of _______ holds that a person may seek to reject his or her own desires or impulses towards pleasurable instincts by excluding them from his or her own consciousness.

A) Thanatos
B) morality
C) repression
D) transference

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Taking away an offender's freedom by incarcerating him is an example of a

A) positive reward.
B) negative reward.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a psychotic individual?

A) Compulsive and obsessive behavior
B) Marked inefficiency in getting along with others and caring for oneself
C) A grossly distorted conception of reality
D) Inappropriate moods and mood swings

Question 6

Individuals suffering from poor __________ development are likely to seek immediate gratification without considering the long-term consequences of their choices.

A) ego
B) superego
C) repression
D) id

Question 7

According to moral development theory, when are people likely to turn to crime?

A) They develop the ability to shift back and forth between developmental stages of moral reasoning
B) They cannot successfully transition between developmental stages of moral reasoning
C) They learn to appreciate the needs and interests of others
D) They develop moral relativism

Question 8

______ is a major criminogenic domain.

A) Poor parenting skills
B) Substance abuse
C) Criminal history
D) Limited attachment

Question 9

A possible psychogenic cause of antisocial personality disorder is

A) a low state of arousal.
B) a malfunction of some inhibitory mechanisms.
C) a separation from the mother during the first six months of life.
D) None of the above

Question 10

__________ theory involves the study of human perceptions and decision making.

A) Cognitive information-processing
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Social cognition
D) Behavior

Question 11

According to attachment theorists, what is the single most important factor leading to conformity?

A) The development of empathy
B) Poverty of affect
C) Disengagement
D) The development of scripts

Question 12

Which of the following behaviors is not aggression directed at one's self?

A) Smoking
B) Alcohol abuse
C) Suicide
D) They are all forms of self-directed aggression

Question 13

Attachment theory suggests that __________ attachment results in feelings of uncertainty which cause the child to feel anxious, to become fearful of its environment, and to cling to potential caregivers.

A) anxious-avoidant
B) anxious-resistant
C) secure
D) insecure

Question 14

What is the central defining characteristic of a psychopath?

A) Hallucinations
B) Neuroticism
C) Impulsiveness
D) Poverty of affect

Question 15

__________ examined social learning with an emphasis on conditioning.

A) Personality
B) Behaviorism
C) Psychoanalytic theory
D) Trait theory

Question 16

According to Dollard, _______ is violence directed against something or someone who is not the source of the original frustration.

A) repression
B) catharsis
C) transference
D) displacement

Question 17

According to John Bowlby, __________ attachment is a healthy form of attachment.

A) anxious-avoidant
B) anxious-resistant
C) secure
D) insecure

Question 18

Sigmund Freud suggested that aggressive behavior is a natural response to

A) anger.
B) frustration.
C) psychosis.
D) neurosis.

Question 19

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id conforms to the

A) morality and conscience.
B) unconscious mind.
C) reality principle.
D) pleasure principle.

Question 20

When crime leads to stress reduction as a result of internal changes in beliefs and value systems, it is known as ________ adaptation.

A) alternative
B) autoplastic
C) antiplastic
D) alloplastic

Question 21

Research suggests intensive treatment may reduce recidivism among juvenile psychopaths

Question 22

According to psychological theories, the primary unit of analysis is the individual.

Question 23

Psychoanalysts such as August Aichorn argue that violent criminals are id-dominated

Question 24

helps police investigators better understand people wanted for serious crimes.

A) Sublimation
B) Selective incapacitation
C) Deterrence
D) Psychological profiling

Question 25

__________ is based on the belief that offenders need to acquire better social skills in order to become more prosocial

A) Selective incapacitation
B) Cognitive behavioral intervention
C) Correctional psychology
D) The risk-need-responsivity model

Question 26

How does behavior theory differ from other psychological theories?

A) The major determinants of behavior are seen as co-existing in the individual and the environment
B) The major determinants of behavior are seen as existing in the individual
C) The major determinants of behavior are seen as existing in the environment
D) There is no major difference

Question 27

Personality theory emphasizes behavioral conditioning.

Question 28

Insanity is

A) a legal defense in the criminal courts.
B) a clinical determination of mental status.
C) a psychological conception of mental illness.
D) All of the above

Question 29

Females with antisocial personality disorder exhibit different characteristics than their male counterparts.

Question 30

All psychotic people commit crimes at some point in their lives.

Question 31

What is the best predictor of adult antisocial behavior?

A) Child-onset psychopathy
B) Early antisocial behavior
C) Hallucinations and delusions
D) Child physical abuse

Question 32

The most likely consequence of frustration is direct aggression toward others.

Question 33

In most GBMI jurisdictions, which of the finding is not required for the jury to return a finding of "guilty but mentally ill?"

A) Every statutory element necessary for a conviction has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt
B) The defendant was not found to have been legally insane at the time the crime was committed
C) The defendant is found to have been mentally ill at the time the crime was committed
D) The defendant is found to have exhibited psychopathic tendencies prior to the crime

Question 34

According to Kohlberg's cognitive structural theory of morality, a preference for higher levels of moral thinking is inborn.

Question 35

Which of the following risk factors appears to have a relationship to later violence?

A) Delusions
B) A diagnosis of schizophrenia
C) Psychopathy
D) Hallucinations

Question 36

Which of the following is not one the three laws in Gabriel Tarde's theory of human behavior?

A) Suggestibility is a key cause of criminal behavior
B) Individuals in close intimate contact with one another tend to imitate each other's behavior
C) Imitation moves from the top down
D) New acts and behaviors tend to reinforce or replace others

Question 37

The __________ holds that individuals cannot be held criminally responsible for their actions if at the time of the crime they did not know what they were doing or did not know that their actions were wrong.

A) substantial capacity test
B) irresistible-impulse test
C) M'Naughten rule
D) GBMI rule

Question 38

Which of the following probably will not result in disengagement?

A) A child watches a violent television show every day after school
B) A child is caught vandalizing her teacher's car and blames it on her teacher's unfair attitude towards him in class
C) A child who is being bullied by a classmate reports the classmate's behavior to the school principal
D) A child beats up a classmate and is praised by his father for his aggressive behavior

Question 39

According to Eysenck, neurotics are the most likely to be criminal.

Question 40

Stress may lead to aggression toward oneself as well as toward others.

Question 41

According to attachment theory, delinquent behavior arises when nonsecure attachments are created.

Question 42

Offenders adjudicated "guilty but mentally ill" generally are sent directly to prison to serve their sentence.

Question 43

_________ theory emphasizes generalized knowledge about specific types of situations that is stored in the mind.

Question 44

Attachment theorists emphasize the development of _______ as the single most important factor leading to conformity.

Question 45

Many criminals have a secret need to be __________.

Question 46

Dangerousness is an ascribed quality.

Question 47

Hervey Cleckley described the __________ as a "moral idiot."

Question 48

Modeling theory emphasizes the need to learn aggressive behavior.

Question 49

_________ theory focuses on the area of cognitive science, including the process of moral development and diseases of the mind.

Question 50

Freud saw aggressive behavior as a natural response to _______.

Question 51

Compared to non-profilers, trained criminal profilers tend to much more accurately estimate offender characteristics and motives based on information about their crimes.

Question 52

The accurate identification of potentially dangerous offenders in existing criminal populations is an essential component of the strategy of selective incapacitation.

Question 53

Reducing the length of a prison sentence by granting parole to inmates who behave in socially approved ways is an example of a positive punishment.

Question 54

A malfunctioning central nervous system is a possible ________ cause of antisocial personality disorder.

Question 55

___________ are dynamic risk actors of offenders that are associated with rates of recidivism.

Question 56

Psychological theories see __________ as the major motivational element within individuals.

Question 57

The insanity defense is very rarely used in court.

Question 58

Choosing crime as a form of empowerment is an example of _______ adaptation.

Question 59

People who devalue aggression do not engage in it.

Question 60

Criminogenic needs tend to be static elements rather than dynamic attributes.

Question 61

The ___________ is a standard for judging legal insanity that requires that offenders did not know what they were doing, or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong.

Question 62

What is the role of empathy in criminal behavior? Which theories help explain this?

Question 63

Behavioral theory explains crime as the result of inappropriate __________.

Question 64

Psychological ___________ involves attempts to understand and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders, based on behavioral clues they provide.

Question 65

Behavior theory has been criticized for ignoring the role that ________ plays in human behavior.

Question 66

Explain Freud's theory of psychoanalysis and the psychopathic structure of personality. How does the psychoanalytic perspective explain criminality?

Question 67

Explain the early concept of a psychopath and identify some of the defining characteristics. What is the relationship of sociopathy and antisocial personality disorder? What are some possible causes of antisocial personality disorder?

Question 68

What are the two major ideas that characterized early psychological theories? How do these apply to criminology today?

Question 69

Discuss the importance of assessing dangerousness, the development of empirically-based risk assessment and classification tools, and the difficulties associated with defining dangerousness.

Question 70

A(n) _________ of aversive treatment is one form of reward from aggression.

Question 71

Discuss the theory underlying the belief that violent video games may influence behavior and explain the basic argument.