Deck 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development

Question 1

The _________ deviant category in Becker's typology demonstrates the power of social definition by the lack of consequences attached to the offense.

A) pure
B) secret
C) falsely accused
D) innocent

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Social process theories suggest crime prevention programs should

A) provide conventional methods for success.
B) respond to serious, violent, and chronic offending.
C) work to build prosocial bonds.
D) establish a juvenile justice continuum of care.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, the key concept in explaining all forms of criminal behavior is

A) social bonds.
B) intelligence.
C) self-control.
D) sensitivity.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Walter Reckless considers __________ containment to be far more effective in preventing crime.

A) inner
B) external
C) personal
D) outer

Question 5

According to labeling theory, the major element in determining the criminality of an individual is

A) the reactions of society.
B) a specific quality inherent in the individual.
C) a specific quality inherent in the behavior
D) None of the above

Question 6

The idea that the behaviors of others are observed and modeled is the basis of which of Akers' primary learning mechanisms?

A) Imitation
B) Differential reinforcement
C) Instrumental conditioning
D) Differential identification

Question 7

Listing the names of drunk drivers on a billboard facing a freeway is an example of ________ shaming.

A) reintegrative
B) diversionary
C) restorative
D) stigmatic

Question 8

According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is

A) inherited.
B) learned.
C) a function of culture conflict.
D) psychologically motivated.

Question 9

Which of the following is a criticism of differential association theory?

A) It has little to say about secret deviants
B) It does little to explain the origin of crime and deviance
C) It does not offer suggestions for institutional change
D) It accounts only for the communication of criminal values, not their emergence

Question 10

Social __________ theories assume everyone has the potential to violate the law.

A) structure
B) process
C) development
D) conflict

Question 11

Given the basic principles of differential association theory, which of the following situations is most likely to produce delinquency?

A) A juvenile watches a violent movie
B) A juvenile reads about a violent murder on the web
C) A juvenile's parents, with whom he is close, are drug abusers
D) A juvenile's parents, with whom he is not close, are drug abusers

Question 12

Social bond theory postulates that

A) crime occurs when there is a disparity between societal goals and the legitimate means available to reach those goals.
B) criminal behavior is learned in the same way any other type of behavior is learned.
C) crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken.
D) crime occurs because the criminal justice system stigmatizes individuals, forcing them into a deviant lifestyle.

Question 13

Social development theories tend to combine various points of view, so they are frequently ______ theories.

A) general
B) integrated
C) unicausal
D) multimodal

Question 14

Someone with a control ______ is controlled by others and is more likely to commit violent crimes.

A) extreme
B) ratio
C) surplus
D) deficit

Question 15

A college student who is expecting to graduate at the end of the semester considers shoplifting some textbooks from the bookstore, to save the cost of buying them. She decides against it because the possibility of being expelled from the university a few months before graduation outweighs the possible gains of saving some extra money. This is an example of the _______ component of the social bond.

A) involvement
B) commitment
C) belief
D) attachment

Question 16

Which of the following is not a social process theory?

A) Dramaturgical perspective
B) Labeling theory
C) Strain theory
D) Social learning theory

Question 17

Which of the following is not an example of a total institution?

A) A convent
B) A university
C) A prison
D) A mental hospital

Question 18

Rather than focusing on factors which cause criminal behavior, __________ theories examine factors that keep people from committing crimes.

A) subcultural
B) social control
C) strain
D) differential opportunity

Question 19

According to social process theories, criminal behavior is

A) an innate human characteristic.
B) a psychological factor.
C) a matter of individual choice.
D) learned in interaction with others.

Question 20

__________ theory focuses on the strength of the bond people share with individuals and institutions around them.

A) Social learning
B) Labeling
C) Social control
D) Social structure

Question 21

According to labeling theory, no act is intrinsically deviant.

Question 22

Social process theories assume that everyone has the potential to violate the law.

Question 23

Social development theories have been criticized for _______ issues.

A) structural
B) definitional
C) academic
D) theoretical

Question 24

According to the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Program research, very young subjects (as young as three years of age) are most likely to be found on the _________ pathway to delinquency.

A) authority conflict
B) multiple disruption
C) covert
D) overt

Question 25

According to differential association theory, the process of learning criminal behavior is substantively different from learning other forms of behavior.

Question 26

According to labeling theory, a negative self-image precede delinquency.

Question 27

Which of the following factors would probably not enhance your social capital?

A) Graduating from college
B) Getting married
C) Losing a job
D) Having a "clean" record

Question 28

Elder's principle of __________ refers to the fact that the developmental impact of a succession of life transitions is contingent on when in a person's life they occur.

A) human agency
B) historical time and place
C) linked lives
D) timing in lives

Question 29

The concept of reintegrative shaming emphasizes stigmatization and amplification of deviance.

Question 30

Which of the following is typical of a life course persistent offender?

A) Inconsistencies in antisocial behavior from one place to another
B) A successful transition to achieving legitimate autonomy
C) Consistent involvement in antisocial behavior across a wide spectrum of social situations
D) School behavior within socially acceptable bounds

Question 31

According to Hirschi, a psychopath has an overdeveloped attachment to society.

Question 32

An offender goes through a court-ordered rehabilitation program and does not recidivate. This is an example of

A) persistence.
B) resilience.
C) aggravation.
D) desistance.

Question 33

Differential identification theory states that a role model must be an actual person.

Question 34

Which of the following is not a major focus of social development theory-based policy?

A) Identifying and controlling a small segment of chronic violent juvenile offenders
B) Immediate intervention in early delinquent behavior
C) Establishing a broad spectrum of sanctions that ensure accountability and a continuum of services
D) Providing early childhood training and education to ensure the development of individual self-control

Question 35

Which of the following is not a question that a life course researcher would ask?

A) How do individuals make rational choices to commit crimes?
B) How do life transitions influence behavior?
C) How do early childhood characteristics lead to adult behavioral processes and outcomes?
D) How do offending and victimization interact over the life cycle?

Question 36

Wikström's theory emphasizes the situation as the core unit of analysis.

Question 37

Delinquent behavior may enhance self-esteem.

Question 38

According to Burgess and Akers, criminal behavior is learned according to the principles of operant conditioning.

Question 39

External containments are the most effective in preventing law violations.

Question 40

Marvin Wolfgang's analysis of a birth cohort found that _______ percent of cohort members accounted for over 50 percent of all arrests.

A) 6
B) 10
C) 18
D) 32

Question 41

__________ refers to the efforts made by an interest group to have its ethnical views enacted into law.

Question 42

Positive turning points can reform chronic offenders.

Question 43

According to the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, the life course patterns found in the United States are distinctly different from those of English delinquents

Question 44

Early intervention in delinquent behavior is suggested by social development theories.

Question 45

According to the social development perspective, development begins well after birth.

Question 46

The meaningful roles and activities provided for individuals by society are important __________ containments.

Question 47

Labeling theory specifically attempts to explain the origin of crime and deviance.

Question 48

Burgess and Akers added the concept of __________ to Sutherland's original idea of differential association.

Question 49

Social development theories have been criticized for definitional issues.

Question 50

Social process theories suggest crime prevention programs should emphasize prosocial bonds.

Question 51

Unlike social learning theory, social development does not see __________ as the primary feature of the social context in which development occurs.

Question 52

Social process theories are also known as __________ perspectives.

Question 53

Children who do not develop adequate verbal coping skills are more likely to commit aggressive acts.

Question 54

_________shaming condemns the crime but not the criminal.

Question 55

Adolescence-limited offenders tend to fail in school and become involved in delinquency at an early age.

Question 56

Social process theories suggest that crime prevention programs should work to build __________ bonds.

Question 57

__________ theory has been criticized for a lack of firm empirical support.

Question 58

_________are marked by specific life events that evolve over shorter time spans.

Question 59

According to Erving Goffman, __________ individuals differ from normals in the way that society responds to them.

Question 60

According to Edwin Lemert, i f an offender is arrested for an act of primary deviance and tagged with the status of a criminal, __________ may occur as a means of adjustment to the negative status.

Question 61

How do social control theories differ from other theories of crime?

Question 62

How does differential identification theory explain criminal behavior? How does this theory differ from Sutherland's differential association theory?

Question 63

Discuss how social process theories and social development perspectives contribute to the understanding of crime causation as a whole today. Provide explanations with possible policy approaches.

Question 64

What is a criminal career? What are the main dimensions of a criminal career?

Question 65

What do social development perspectives provide to our understanding of criminality?

Question 66

How does differential association theory suggest criminality is learned?

Question 67

Social development theories have been criticized for ________ issues.

Question 68

Bullying as a first step to delinquency occurs on the _________ pathway.

Question 69

___________ offenders are led to offending mainly by structural disadvantages and tend to mature out of crime.

Question 70

The ____________ program, operated by Boys and Girls Clubs of America, focuses on providing positive alternatives to gangs for vulnerable youth.

Question 71

What does labeling theory tell us about the individual in relation to the justice system? Explain with examples.

Question 72

What are developmental pathways? Explain the three separate pathways identified by the Causes and Correlated Study.

Question 73

What contributions has labeling theory made to criminology?