Deck 10: Criminal Victimization

Question 1

The NCVS obtains data from

A) prison inmates.
B) federal agencies.
C) households.
D) police agencies.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The dark figure of crime refers to

A) crime that occurs at night.
B) crime that is not reported to the police.
C) crimes committed by the police.
D) bias crimes.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Victimogenesis refers to

A) a contribution made by the victim that led to the initiation of the criminal event.
B) an individual's likelihood of being victimized.
C) the contributory background of a victim that makes him/her prone to victimization.
D) a victim's failure to take simple precautions against being victimized.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following members of a family is most likely to be the victim of a violent crime?

A) Grandfather
B) Mother
C) 20-year-old daughter
D) 17-year-old son

Question 5

Which of the following situations in which a victim contributed to his or her own victimization is an example of victim provocation?

A) A victim of motor vehicle theft left his keys in his unlocked car
B) A mugging victim was wearing a large amount of expensive jewelry
C) A rape victim walked home alone at night along unlit streets
D) A homicide victim was shot by a security guard while committing a bank robbery

Question 6

Which of the following is most likely to result in a victim of a violent crime experiencing high levels of distress?

A) Being victimized while on vacation
B) Being injured during an armed robbery
C) Being injured during an assault
D) Being the victim of workplace violence

Question 7

Which of the following crime victims would not be included in the sample of individuals surveyed for the NCVS?

A) A 10-year old boy who was beaten up and whose bicycle was stolen
B) A 14-year-old girl who was sexually assaulted by a neighbor
C) A 20-year-old college student whose car was stolen
D) A 75-year-old man whose computer was stolen during a home burglary

Question 8

Which of the following crimes is measured by the UCR but not by the NCVS?

A) Homicide
B) Aggravated assault
C) Robbery
D) Motor vehicle theft

Question 9

According to the text, which is likely to be the most seriously underreported crime?

A) Murder
B) Assault
C) Larceny
D) Burglary

Question 10

Which of the four pathways to polyvictimization identified by the Developmental Victimization Survey was most prominent for young children under the age of 10?

A) Having family disruption and adversity
B) Living in a dangerous community
C) Having preexisting emotional problems
D) Living in a dangerous family

Question 11

Victimization appears to be a significant risk factor for future involvement in crime for

A) men.
B) women.
C) both men and women.
D) neither men nor women.

Question 12

A husband and wife are the victims of securities fraud and lose a large sum of money. As a result, they can no longer afford to pay their child's tuition at university. The child is a(n)

A) direct victim.
B) secondary victim.
C) survivor
D) primary victim.

Question 13

Which factor contributed to a dramatic increase in crime in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s?

A) The baby boom
B) Generation X
C) The Depression
D) President Johnson's War on Poverty

Question 14

If a researcher is attempting to obtain data on crimes reported to the police in Los Angeles, the most appropriate source of data would be

A) the Uniform Crime Reports.
B) the National Crime Victimization Survey.
C) a local self-report survey of crime in Los Angeles.
D) None of these options would provide the required information

Question 15

_____________ refers specifically to a situation in which an individual is subject to multiple instances of varied victimizations.

A) Chronic victimization
B) Polyvictimization
C) Revictimization
D) Multivictimization

Question 16

If you are looking for national crime statistics and want self-report data, you should use which of the following sources of data?

A) The Uniform Crime Reports.
B) The National Incident-Based Reporting System
C) The National Crime Victimization Survey
D) None of the above

Question 17

For which of the following studies would you definitely want to use NIBRS rather than the UCR?

A) A study examining changes in the overall crime rate in the U.S. over time
B) A study examining crime patterns in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s
C) A study examining rates of motor vehicle thefts in the U.S. today
D) A study examining co-occurring victimization in a given offense

Question 18

According to the text, what should we expect to see in the near future when we examine crime statistics?

A) The decline in crime observed since the mid-1990s is expected to continue until at least 2020
B) The decline in crime observed since the mid-1990s is expected to end and criminal activity will increase
C) The crime rate will continue to decline until it reaches the low crime rates characteristic of the 1950s
D) Crime rates will level off and remain stable for the foreseeable future

Question 19

_______________ includes situations where the criminal justice system processes cause emotional harm to a crime victim.

A) Secondary victimization
B) Polyvictimization
C) Victim precipitation
D) Victimogenesis

Question 20

A(n) _________ crime is one where even the individual who was victimized is unaware of the crime.

A) unreported
B) unknown
C) victimless
D) undiscovered

Question 21

Which federal law requires judges to consider victim-impact statements at federal sentencing hearings?

A) The 2001 USA PATRIOT Act
B) The 2004 Crime Victims' Rights Act
C) The 1984 Victims of Crime Act
D) The 1982 Victim and Witness Protection Act

Question 22

What is the main goal of Vision 21?

A) To change the way victims of crime are treated in the U.S.
B) To ensure the passage of a federal Victims' Rights Amendment
C) To make certain that every state develops a comprehensive state-wide victim compensation program
D) To increase funding to victim assistance programs throughout the U.S.

Question 23

The actual occurrence of all crimes reported to NCVS interviewers is verified before the information is incorporated into the NCVS data.

Question 24

The UCR/NIBRS program collects information on unreported crime.

Question 25

For men, victimization can be a significant contributor to future criminal involvement.

Question 26

The dangerous neighborhoods pathway to polyvictimization appears to be mainly associated with children under the age of 10

Question 27

The accountability element of restorative justice emphasizes

A) that the community can participate in ensuring its own safety.
B) the responsibility of the justice system to protect the public from crime and offenders.
C) the obligations incurred by the offender to the victim and the community.
D) the need to ensure offenders are more capable of successful participation in society when they leave the justice system than when they entered it

Question 28

Secondary victimization refers to an individual who is not directly affected by a crime but who suffers unintended consequences as a result of the victimization of a family member or friend.

Question 29

Self-report surveys provide information on the dark figure of crime.

Question 30

Which theory focuses on the concept of stigmatized neighborhoods to explain variations in risk of victimization?

A) Deviant places theory
B) Routine activities theory
C) The situational model
D) Lifestyle theory

Question 31

The dramatic increase in crime that began in the 1960s is linked to the postwar baby boom.

Question 32

Stranger violence causes more distress for victims than intimate personal violence.

Question 33

Victim facilitation may occur when the victim attracts the offender's attention through visible displays of wealth.

Question 34

Victimization is not evenly distributed across space and time.

Question 35

Victims who are victimized in their own homes tend to suffer more socio-economic problems than victims who are targeted in other locations.

Question 36

According to routine activities theory, an individual who effectively discourages crime is known as a

A) motivated offender.
B) defensible victim.
C) capable guardian.
D) suitable target.

Question 37

Polyvictimization appears to cause more serious and long-lasting harm to victims than revictimization.

Question 38

Victims of violent crime who are from high-income households are more likely to report their victimization to the police than victims from low-income households.

Question 39

The NCVS does not include information on crimes against children under the age of 12.

Question 40

NIBRS provides more information about victims of crime than the UCR.

Question 41

The ___________ Act has been viewed as a partial statutory alternative to a federal constitutional victims' rights amendment.

Question 42

According to Shafer, the level of _______________ responsibility determined the degree of victim provocation.

Question 43

According to routine activities theory, the presence of a capable guardian is a necessary element for a crime to occur.

Question 44

__________________ refers to continued victimization of the same victim by the same offender committing the same type of crime.

Question 45

_________ describe the statistical qualities of a given population.

Question 46

Restorative justice emphasizes making the victim whole again.

Question 47

Stigmatized neighborhoods increase the risk of victimization but not criminality.

Question 48

________________ crimes are those that are not known to the people who have been victimized.

Question 49

The ____________ Act provides financial support for victim services programs in cases involving sexual violence or domestic abuse.

Question 50

___________ involves social injuries that occur as a result of how social institutions and individuals react to a victim of crime.

Question 51

____________ refers to the origin or cause of victimization.

Question 52

A key element of restorative justice is _____________, in which offenders make financial payments to reimburse victims.

Question 53

VOCA provides federal funding for victim compensation programs.

Question 54

____________ victim precipitation occurs when a victim unknowingly encourages an offender towards criminal action.

Question 55

Victims of violence who experienced socio-emotional problems are _________ likely to report their victimization to the police.

Question 56

Although rape is highly underreported, the most seriously underreported crime may be ________________.

Question 57

___________ theory is spatially oriented and suggests that victimization occurs most frequently in socially disorganized areas.

Question 58

The main goal of __________ is to permanently change the way victims of crime are treated.

Question 59

The U.S. Constitution includes a victims' rights amendment.

Question 60

The child of a victim of homicide is a(n) _________ victim.

Question 61

Describe the UCR/NIBRS and NCVS programs. Discuss the problems and criticisms of each program. Compare and contrast the two programs.

Question 62

The Crime Victims' Rights Act grants a number of rights to victims of federal crimes. If these rights conflict with those provided to suspects, whose rights should take priority? What if the rights of the victim conflict with those provided to a convicted offender? Explain and support your response.

Question 63

Identify the three major shifts in victimization patterns that have been identified since crime statistics were first gathered. Explain the causes of each. What is expected to occur in the near future and why?

Question 64

Define victim precipitation, distinguish between active and passive precipitation, and explain how the concept differs from that of victim blaming. Identify the three ways in which victims contribute to their own victimization and give an example of each. Discuss Marvin Wolfgang's research into victim precipitated homicides.

Question 65

Discuss routine activities theory in detail. Explain each of the elements required for a crime to occur. How do routine activities affect victimization risk? How does this theory explain the increase in crime in the 1960s and 1970s?

Question 66

This chapter discusses a number of victimization theories. Which one do you think best explains criminal victimization, and why? Support your answer?