Deck 6: Variation In Chromosome Number And Structure

Question 1

An organism that carries extra sets of chromosomes is termed:

A) Aneuploid
B) Euploid
C) Polyploid
D) Diploid
E) Multiploid

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following terms implies a genetic imbalance?

A) Aneuploid
B) Polyploid
C) Diploid
D) Aneuploid and Polyploid
E) All of these

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The pattern of bands within a chromosome is termed:

A) Karyotype
B) Chromogram
C) Ideogram
D) Sonogram
E) None of these

Answer 3

C

Question 4

If a cytogeneticist refers to the 7p region of a chromosome,he/she is referring to the:

A) Short arm on chromosome 7
B) Long arm on chromosome 7
C) 7?? band on chromosome P
D) P band on chromosome 7
E) 7?? band on the short arm of chromosome 1

Question 5

Organisms in which one chromosome is either under- or overrepresented are termed:

A) Aneuploid
B) Euploid
C) Polyploid
D) Diploid
E) Haploid

Question 6

The analysis of stained chromosomes is the main activity of the discipline called:

A) Cytology
B) Cytogenetics
C) Genetics
D) Embryology
E) Neonatology

Question 7

Which of the following is the most commonly used differential stain for chromosome analysis?

A) Giesma
B) Quinacrine
C) Crystal Violet
D) Giema and Quinacrine
E) All of these

Question 8

Which technique creates colorful chromosome images by treating chromosome spreads with fluorescently labeled DNA fragments that have been isolated and characterized in the laboratory?

A) Giemsa staining
B) Quinacrine staining
C) Gram staining
D) Chromosome painting
E) Classical karyotyping

Question 9

When a segment from one chromosome is detached and reattached to a nonhomologous chromosome this is known as:

A) Inversion
B) Translocation
C) Polyploidy
D) Trisomy
E) Monosomy

Question 10

Which of the following is an effect of polyploidy?

A) Increased cell size
B) Increased organism size
C) Organisms that are more robust
D) Increased cell size and Organisms that are more robust
E) All of these

Question 11

By labeling chromosomes with various DNA probes it is possible to: 1.Locate individual gene sequences on a chromosome
2)Compare the similarities between human DNA and another mammal's DNA
3)Observe any abnormalities in the chromosome structure

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 1 and 3
E) All of these

Question 12

Which of the following can cause a phenotypic change in an organism?

A) Too many chromosomes
B) Too few chromosomes
C) Changes in part of a chromosome
D) Too many chromosomes and too few chromosomes
E) All of these

Question 13

A DNA fragment that interacts with the complementary sequence of DNA on the chromosome is known as a(an):

A) Probe
B) Fingerprint
C) Fluorescent dye
D) Probe and fingerprint
E) All of these

Question 14

A pictorial chart of chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest is known as a(an):

A) Karyotype
B) Genetic analysis
C) Pedigree chart
D) Amniocentesis
E) Chorionic villus sample

Question 15

The long arm of the chromosome is designated:

A) P
B) Q
C) L
D) M
E) N

Question 16

The short arm of the chromosome is designated:

A) P
B) Q
C) L
D) M
E) N

Question 17

Which type of cell is most often used by researchers?

A) Dividing cells
B) Non-dividing cells
C) Apoptosing cells
D) None of these
E) All of these

Question 18

The human diploid cell has ______ pairs of chromosomes.

A) 12
B) 23
C) 24
D) 46
E) 48

Question 19

Human diploid cells contain _____ chromosomes.

A) 12
B) 24
C) 46
D) 92
E) 23

Question 20

Why are many polyploids sterile?

A) Extra sets of chromosomes segregate irregularly in meiosis leading to aneuploidic gametes
B) Extra sets of chromosomes segregate regularly in meiosis leading to aneuploidic gametes
C) Extra sets of chromosomes segregate irregularly in mitosis leading to aneuploidic gametes
D) All of these
E) None of these

Question 21

The process that produces polyploid cells in certain cells during development,such as those in the kidney and the liver is known as:

A) Aneuploidic interaction
B) Endomitosis
C) Exomitosis
D) Meiosis
E) Endomeiosis

Question 22

In a polyploidy organism,sometimes three homologues synapse and partially pair with each of the others forming a(an):

A) Univalent
B) Bivalent
C) Trivalent
D) Trisomic
E) Hectovalent

Question 23

When polyploid formation occurs without the separation of sister chromatids and the duplicated chromosomes pile up next to each other,forming a bundle of strands,the chromosomes are said to be:

A) Polyploidy
B) Polymitotic
C) Polytene
D) Aneuploidic
E) Tetraploidic

Question 24

Which of the following is true regarding polytene chromosomes in Drosophila? 1.Homologous polytene chromosomes pair
2)All the centromeres of Drosophila polytene chromosomes congeal into a body called the chromocenter
3)Homologous chromosomes do not pair because they are in somatic cells

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 1 and 2
E) 1 and 3

Question 25

Cells with triplicate chromosomes are said to exhibit:

A) Down syndrome
B) Trisomy
C) Autosomy
D) Triploidy
E) Polyploidy

Question 26

In which phase of the cell cycle is a polytene chromosome most likely to be found?

A) Interphase
B) Prophase
C) Metaphase
D) Anaphase
E) Telophase

Question 27

Which of the following is a method of asexually propagating sterile polyploids?

A) Apomixis
B) Cultivation from cuttings
C) Bulbs
D) Grafts
E) All of these

Question 28

Which of the following individuals exhibits aneuploidy? 1.An individual who is missing a chromosome
2)An individual who has gained an extra chromosome
3)An individual who is missing a portion of a chromosome

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 1 and 2
E) All of these

Question 29

Which of the following is a method that could result in a polyploid organism 1.A cell could go through mitosis without going through cytokinesis.
2)A cell could go through meiosis without properly separating the homologous pairs
3)A cell could go through mitosis while doubling the rounds of cytokinesis

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 1 and 2
E) 2 and 3

Question 30

Which of the following best explains the formation of polytene chromosomes?

A) Successive rounds of chromosome replication occur without intervening cell divisions
B) Successive rounds of chromosome replication occur with multiple rounds of intervening cell divisions
C) Few rounds of chromosome replication with multiple rounds of intervening cell divisions
D) All of these
E) None of these

Question 31

Which of the following disorders is not caused by a trisomy in human beings?

A) Down Syndrome
B) Patau's Syndrome
C) Turner's Syndrome
D) Edwards Syndrome
E) Triplo-X Syndrome

Question 32

An organism in which one chromosome is underrepresented is referred to as a:

A) Hypoploid
B) Hyperploid
C) Polyploid
D) Autopolyploid
E) Allopolyploid

Question 33

Which of the following would be most likely to be sterile?

A) Diploid organisms
B) Triploid organisms
C) Tetraploid organisms
D) All of these
E) None of these

Question 34

Which of the following organisms is best known for its polytene chromosomes?

A) C. elegans
B) Drosophila
C) Human kidney cells
D) Human liver cells
E) None of these

Question 35

Polyploids created from a hybridization between different species are known as:

A) Autopolyploids
B) Allopolyploids
C) Triploids
D) Tetraploids
E) None of these

Question 36

Fertile tetraploids seem to have arisen by chromosome duplication in a hybrid that was produced by a cross of:

A) Two different, but related, diploid species
B) Two identical diploid species
C) Four different bur related haploid species
D) Four identical diploid species
E) Four identical haploid species

Question 37

An organism in which one chromosome or chromosome segment is overrepresented is referred to as a:

A) Hypoploid
B) Hyperploid
C) Polyploid
D) Autopolyploid
E) Allopolyploid

Question 38

A hexaploid,such as Triticum aestivum,could best be described as having:

A) Three different chromosome sets each of which has been duplicated
B) Three different chromosome sets each of which has not been duplicated
C) Six different chromosome sets each of which has been duplicated
D) Sixteen different chromosome sets each of which has not been duplicated
E) Six identical chromosome sets each of which has been duplicated

Question 39

A fertile tetraploid would best be characterized as having a(an):

A) Two distinct sets of chromosomes with each set being duplicated
B) One distinct set of chromosomes that have been duplicated
C) Three distinct sets of chromosomes with each set being duplicated
D) Four distinct sets of chromosomes with each set being duplicated
E) None of these

Question 40

Polyploids created by chromosome duplication within a species are known as:

A) Autopolyploids
B) Allopolyploids
C) Triploids
D) Tetraploids
E) None of these

Question 41

Explain how chromosomes that have undergone reciprocal translocation most often pair during meiosis

Question 42

Briefly explain the cause of Down Syndrome and why the incidence rate increases with maternal age.

Question 43

Briefly explain how a pericentric inversion is different from a paracentric inversion and what effect each would have on a chromosome.

Question 44

Why does cruciform pairing often lead to non-disjunction events causing the formation of aneuploidy gametes?

Question 45

Base upon the karyotype in this question,tell what sex the individual is,if the karyotype is normal or abnormal,and if the karyotype shows an abnormality,explain what the abnormality is and what it means to the individual.

Question 46

Chromosomal inversions may result in: 1.The chromosome segment being detached,flipped 180 degrees,and reattached to the existing chromosome portion
2)The order of the inverted segments gene's being reversed
3)The order of the inverted segments gene's being replaced with new genes

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 1 and 2
E) 1 and 3

Question 47

Which of the following is a difference between compound chromosomes and translocations? 1.Compound chromosomes involve fusions of homologous chromosome segments
2)Compound chromosomes involve fusions of non-homologous chromosome segments
3)Translocations involve fusion of non-homologous chromosome segments

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 1 and 2
E) 1 and 3

Question 48

When one chromosome is missing in an otherwise diploid individual,this is referred to as:

A) Monosomy
B) Trisomy
C) Triploidy
D) Tetraploidy
E) Polyploidy

Question 49

The presence of an extra chromosome segment,such as the X chromosome segment in Drosophila that codes for the Bar-eye mutation,is known as:

A) Deletion
B) Duplication
C) Hypoploidy
D) Polyploidy
E) Trisomy

Question 50

An individual who possesses one inverted chromosome and one that is not inverted is said to be a/an:

A) Inversion heterozygote
B) Inversion mutant
C) Inversion homozygote
D) All of these
E) None of these

Question 51

The most common cause for trisomy events in human beings is:

A) Normal disjunction during meiosis
B) Non-disjunction during meiosis
C) Normal disjunction during oogenesis
D) Normal disjunction during spermatogenesis
E) None of these is a cause for trisomy

Question 52

A missing portion of a chromosome,such as the missing portion of the short arm of chromosome 5,in Cri-du-Chat Syndrome is known as:

A) Deletion
B) Duplication
C) Hyperploidy
D) Polyploidy
E) Trisomy