Deck 3: Ethical Guidelines for Psychological Research

Question 1

As part of the respect for person's aspect of the Belmont Report, it is recommended that researchers ______.

A) reduce risks of harm
B) include an informed consent process
C) ensure that all groups of individuals can benefit from the research
D) conduct a risk-benefit analysis

Answer 1

include an informed consent process

Question 2

______ refers to the reduction of risk of harm to the participants as compared with the benefit of the study.

A) Beneficence
B) Respect for persons
C) Justice
D) Harm reduction

Answer 2

Respect for persons

Question 3

Of the following, ______ would not be a violation of ethical guidelines for conducting research with animal subjects.

A) use of chimpanzees
B) use of untrained personnel
C) release of the animals into the wild at the completion of the study
D) animals can be in poor health

Answer 3

use of chimpanzees

Question 4

In the Zimbardo (1973) prison study, the independent variable was ______.

A) being a prisoner
B) being a guard
C) role assignment (prisoner or guard)
D) behavior in the prison environment

Question 5

The Zimbardo (1973) prison study resulted in all but ______ of the following.

A) adverse stress reactions from some of the participants assigned to be prisoners
B) cruel behavior from some of the participants assigned to be guards
C) the study being cut short because of adverse effects on the participants
D) the study being extended because of adverse effects on the participants

Question 6

A risk-benefit analysis involves ______.

A) having participants read and sign a consent form before they participate
B) showing that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks
C) fully explaining the purpose of the study (including any deception that may have been involved) and providing an opportunity for participants to ask questions about the study
D) telling the participants about the hypothesis of the study before they participate

Question 7

Informed consent involves ______.

A) keeping participants' data confidential
B) informing participants about what they will experience in a study
C) keeping participants' data anonymous
D) debriefing participants after a study is conducted

Question 8

The ______ Act provides specific standards for the acquisition, housing, and care of animals in the United States.

A) Animal Protection
B) Animal Shelter
C) Animal Safety
D) Animal Welfare

Question 9

A confederate is someone who ______.

A) is part of the study, but acts as if they are a participant
B) oversees a research study
C) attempts to sabotage a research study
D) has been a participant in at least 10 research studies

Question 10

Plagiarism can be ______.

A) neither intentional nor unintentional
B) unintentional
C) intentional
D) intentional or unintentional

Question 11

Researchers conducting studies with nonhuman animal subjects are responsible for all but ______.

A) housing of the animals during the study
B) housing of the animals after the study
C) monitoring the animals' health during the study
D) releasing animals into the wild at the completion of the study

Question 12

An ethical guideline that must be followed when research with human participants is conducted is ______.

A) all data must be collected anonymously
B) all data collected must be stored by the researcher for at least 20 years
C) the benefit of the research must outweigh the risks
D) participation in research can be involuntary

Question 13

The Nuremberg trials were held between ______.

A) 1980 and 1986
B) 2002 and 2005
C) 1945 and 1949
D) 1920 and 1925

Question 14

Studies with children generally require ______.

A) full committee IRB review
B) assent from a parent or guardian
C) consent from a parent or guardian
D) consent from the child

Question 15

Adherence to ethical guidelines in psychological studies with humans is currently monitored by ______.

A) a review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB)
B) a committee that is part of the federal government
C) a group of judges
D) just the researchers themselves

Question 16

Debriefing in research is defined as ______.

A) having participants read and sign a consent form before they participate
B) showing that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks
C) fully explaining the purpose of the study (including any deception that may have been involved) and providing an opportunity for participants to ask questions about the study
D) telling the participants about the hypothesis of the study before they participate

Question 17

Of the following, ______ would violate ethical standards for psychological research.

A) keeping participants' identities confidential
B) using another author's ideas in one's report without citing that author
C) deceiving participants about the purpose of a study
D) keeping participants' identities anonymous

Question 18

In Milgram's (1963) study of obedience, results showed that ______.

A) none of the participants were willing to shock the confederate
B) most participants quit the study before it concluded
C) most of the participants were willing to "shock" the confederate at the highest level
D) all of the participants were willing to "shock" the confederate at the highest level

Question 19

The first APA ethical code was based on ______.

A) the Belmont Report
B) criticism of the Milgram (1963) study
C) criticism of the Zimbardo (1973) study
D) the Nuremberg code

Question 20

About ______% of animal studies in psychology involve primates.

A) 5
B) 20
C) 40
D) 50

Question 21

In many cases, researchers do not fully disclose the purpose of the study to reduce ______ characteristics where the participants may alter their behavior based on their perception of the study's purpose or hypothesis.

A) command
B) control
C) authority
D) demand

Question 22

Informed consent is an important element of the ______ principle.

A) beneficence
B) respect for persons
C) justice
D) harm reduction

Question 23

If a study uses deception, the debriefing process must thoroughly explain the nature of the study and the ______.

A) deception used
B) IRB approval process
C) results of the study
D) record of the participant stress

Question 24

Milgram (1963) justified his study by arguing that although the participants were deceived in the study, they did not experience ______ from the study.

A) remorse
B) long-term harm
C) monetary gain
D) coercion

Question 25

Zimbardo had planned for the prison experiment to take place over ______ weeks.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 10

Question 26

______ studies have the smallest amount of risk involved.

A) Expedited
B) Exempt
C) Full review
D) Limited

Question 27

In 1932, in Tuskegee, Alabama, the U.S. Public Health Service began a research study to investigate the course of ______ in the human male.

A) syphilis
B) HIV
C) chlamydia
D) gonorrhea

Question 28

If researchers become aware of unexpected harm to participants, they must take reasonable measures to reduce harm, including ______ if necessary.

A) reassignment of participant roles
B) termination of the study
C) clinical assistance
D) debriefing with counselors

Question 29

The IRB equivalent for research with nonhuman animal subjects is the ______.

A) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
B) Institutional Nonhuman Animal Committee
C) Institutional Review Animal Committee
D) Institutional Research Animal Committee

Question 30

Fair selection of participants is covered by the ______ principle.

A) beneficence
B) respect for persons
C) justice
D) harm reduction

Question 31

______ studies involve minimal risk.

A) Expedited
B) Exempt
C) Full review
D) Limited

Question 32

The ______ report lists the responsibilities of researchers as they conduct research with human participants and the rights of those participants before, during, and after a study.

A) APA
B) Zimbardo
C) Milgram
D) Belmont

Question 33

______ studies have the highest amount of risk.

A) Expedited
B) Exempt
C) Full review
D) Limited

Question 34

Animals not bred by the researcher's institution must be obtained in a manner that follows ______ regulations.

A) APCA
B) HDA
C) USDA
D) FDA

Question 35

There are ______categories of review by IRBs.

A) three
B) seven
C) nine
D) eleven

Question 36

Forcing participants to participate in research without their consent is ______.

A) coaxing
B) coercion
C) assenting
D) debriefing

Question 37

Only about ______% of all psychological research involves animal subjects, mostly with bird and rodent subjects.

A) 20
B) 8
C) 1
D) 28

Question 38

Many IRBs now require researchers (faculty and students) to complete the ______ ethics training modules.

A) APA
B) CITI
C) Animal Welfare Act
D) HIPPA

Question 39

Expedited studies need to be reviewed by only ______ member of the IRB, which speeds the process of review.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 40

The APA Code that states "Data should be shared with other researchers to allow verification of results" addresses the ______ research issue.

A) ethics in reporting
B) coercion
C) informed consent
D) reduced harm

Question 41

In Zimbardo's prison experiment the only difference between the prisoner and guard groups was the role they were assigned to play in the prison experiment.

Question 42

Researchers must give anesthesia to animals during surgical procedures.

Question 43

Discuss why researchers may choose to use deception and how this is justified for approval.

Question 44

Studies with the highest amount of risk receive full review by the IRB, meaning that each member of the IRB will review the research proposal.

Question 45

Describe three ethical guidelines that researchers must follow when conducting research with human participants.

Question 46

The APA code was the first set of guidelines ever developed for research with human participants.

Question 47

The APA Ethics Code (APA, 2002) indicates that only trained and experienced personnel may be involved in research with animal subjects.

Question 48

According to ethical guidelines, psychological studies can never involve deception.

Question 49

Researchers must fully inform participants about all aspects of a study before consent is given for participation.

Question 50

Describe three ethical guidelines that researchers must follow when conducting research with nonhuman animal subjects.

Question 51

Explain why ethical guidelines are important for psychological research studies.

Question 52

What is plagiarism and provide an example?

Question 53

What is the purpose of an institutional review board?

Question 54

The Tuskegee syphilis study participants were all treated with penicillin after the initial study data collection time period.

Question 55

Discuss the APA Ethics Code (2017) required for acquisition of animals for research study purposes.

Question 56

Animals not bred by the researcher's institution must be obtained in a manner that follows USDA regulations and local ordinances.

Question 57

Researchers are responsible for ensuring that all participants have a fair chance of receiving potentially beneficial treatments in research.

Question 58

The Milgram (1963) Obedience Study showed that the presence of an authority figure greatly influences people's behavior.

Question 59

Exempt studies are those studies that have the most amount of risk involved.

Question 60

Animals are often used as subjects when study procedures are considered too invasive or difficult to conduct with human participants.