Deck 3: Self and Social and Moral Development

Question 1

Sally is in the stage Erikson calls initiative vs. guilt. Her parents supervise her closely and direct all her activities. The danger is that Sally may

A) develop an exaggerated sense of her own abilities.
B) eventually grow to mistrust her parents.
C) have difficulty trusting her own judgment.
D) not learn that some things should never be done.

Answer 1

have difficulty trusting her own judgment.

Question 2

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model of Human Development

A) the mesosystem is another word for the teacher.
B) the microsystem refers to the society at large and how it influences the individual.
C) The family is more important than the school environment for human development.
D) the parent's work place (i.e., exosystem) influences the development of the child.

Answer 2

the parent's work place (i.e., exosystem) influences the development of the child.

Question 3

Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs. mistrust are also in what Piagetian stage?

A) Concrete operations
B) Formal operations
C) Preoperational thought
D) Sensorimotor

Answer 3

Sensorimotor

Question 4

According to Erikson, if a child fails to resolve a crisis at an early stage, the child is apt to

A) encounter problems with resolutions of later crises.
B) forget the crisis and progress normally.
C) remain at the unresolved stage until the crisis is resolved.
D) resolve the crisis at a later stage.

Question 5

Children who experience autonomy are likely to become more

A) aggressive.
B) dependent.
C) intelligent.
D) self-reliant.

Question 6

Which of the following parenting styles is characterized by highly controlling behaviour but low in worth and responsiveness?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Permissive
D) Rejecting/Neglecting

Question 7

Adults who were rejected as children tend to have

A) fewer problems than adults whose childhoods were without caring adults.
B) friends who are socially competent and mature, even though their childhoods were essentially friendless.
C) higher self-esteem than adults who were socially competent as children.
D) more problems than adults who had close friends when they were children.

Question 8

Research has shown that students who watch others behaving aggressively

A) become more aggressive.
B) become more passive.
C) do not change their behavior.
D) tolerate less aggression among peers.

Question 9

Francis is no longer satisfied with pretending he has a place of his own. He's in the third grade now and old enough to build a real playhouse. He sets to work with boards and cardboard, and takes great pleasure in the completed project. Francis is at the stage of

A) autonomy vs. doubt and shame.
B) generativity vs. self-absorption.
C) identity vs. role diffusion.
D) industry vs. inferiority.

Question 10

Martin now takes considerable pride in completing his fourth-grade homework assignments and in doing them well. He is quite disappointed when the teacher assigns an "A" to him for a project that he strongly felt deserved an A+ (or better!). According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, Martin is in what stage of development?

A) Autonomy vs. doubt
B) Initiative vs. guilt
C) Identity vs. role diffusion
D) Industry vs. inferiority

Question 11

The emphasis in Erikson's stage theory is on

A) behaviors and their consequences.
B) the development of moral values.
C) the formation of a personal identity.
D) the process of acculturation in school settings.

Question 12

Erikson's notion of developmental crises can be defined as a

A) concern with parental control and self-determination.
B) conflict between a positive and an unhealthy alternative.
C) conflict between physical growth and cognitive growth.
D) puzzle that may assist a person's cognitive development.

Question 13

The school and the neighborhood first become highly important influences during what Eriksonian stage?

A) Autonomy vs. shame
B) Generativity vs. stagnation
C) Industry vs. inferiority
D) Intimacy vs. isolation

Question 14

The way that children resolve the autonomy vs. shame and doubt crisis influences their later sense of

A) attachment to the family.
B) confidence in their own abilities.
C) cooperation in groups.
D) evaluation of new ideas.

Question 15

Relational aggression involves

A) physical abuse between siblings.
B) threatening or damaging social relationships.
C) being assertive about one's rights.
D) inflicting intentional harm.

Question 16

Psychologists disagree about the commonly held belief that parents are the major influence on their children. What is the basis of this disagreement?

A) Behavioral genetics
B) Child rearing practices
C) Peer influences
D) Social environment

Question 17

Erikson interprets development from the perspective of what theory?

A) Psychosexual
B) Psychosocial
C) Psychosomatic
D) Sociocultural

Question 18

Canadian researchers using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth, have demonstrated that

A) children will react aggressively to "Bobo" dolls after watching adults behave aggressively.
B) strong associations exist between family membership and family functioning and aggressive behavior.
C) siblings are the greatest source of aggressive models.
D) socioeconomic status is the strongest predictor of young adult aggressive behavior.

Question 19

What does a conflict such as initiative vs. guilt represent in Erikson's theory?

A) A developmental crisis
B) Cognitive dissonance
C) Disequilibration
D) Equilibration

Question 20

Which level of government is responsible for child protection laws?

A) Municipal
B) Provincial
C) Federal
D) All levels of government

Question 21

Based on recent studies, which of the following children is likely to have the greatest difficulty with assessing the intention of others?

A) Bart, a ten-year-old with high self-esteem
B) Enid, an aggressive three-year-old
C) Liliana, a passive five-year-old
D) Philip, an aggressive nine-year-old

Question 22

Which one of the following students is expected to have the highest self-esteem?

A) Charlene, who won the tennis tournament after the number one seed was injured
B) Jennifer, who scored highest in her class on the physics exam even though she hated physics
C) Richard, who won Best-of-Class in a statewide modeling competition
D) Terry, who became class president after the elected president moved to a new school

Question 23

June's mother always wanted to be an actress and started leading June in that direction at around age two. Now June sees herself as an actress and nothing else. In which of Erikson's stages is June?

A) Identity achievement
B) Identity diffusion
C) Identity foreclosure
D) Identity moratorium

Question 24

Programs designed to increase students' self-esteem such as "Student of the Month" have

A) had little effect on increasing self-esteem.
B) are relevant only for certain ethnic cultures.
C) have a great influence on increasing students' self-esteem.
D) should be used only in special education classes.

Question 25

Dependence on peers, parents, and others begins to change to independence during what identity status?

A) Diffusion
B) Conventional
C) Foreclosure
D) Moratorium

Question 26

George attends a rural middle school in Virginia. On standardized achievement tests given in George's school, the school average is near the national average. George's friend Harold attends an elite private school in Washington, D.C. The average score of students at Harold's school on the same achievement measure is well above the national average. According to Marsh, George is more likely to feel better about his abilities than does Harold, even though both boys received high scores on the test. What developmental concept is illustrated?

A) "Big Fish, Little Pond"
B) Gradual development
C) Identity diffusion
D) Moratorium

Question 27

The implication of the "Big Fish, Little Pond" idea is that

A) children in "average" schools may feel better about their own abilities than those in "high-ability" schools.
B) larger schools are likely to promote higher achievement than smaller schools.
C) self-concept is lower when competition is weaker than when it is stronger.
D) smaller schools offer limited opportunities for self-concept to develop.

Question 28

As with most developmental crises, the resolution of the identity crisis

A) does not depend on resolution of previous conflicts.
B) is generally completed during a brief time period.
C) may be an extended process.
D) requires little conscious effort.

Question 29

Jerry has become active with a group working to save America's topsoil. He believes that steps must be taken to prevent food shortages 100 years from now. George's situation represents Erikson's concern for

A) generativity.
B) integrity.
C) isolation.
D) self-absorption.

Question 30

Most people have developed societal perspective-taking ability during the

A) early elementary grades.
B) late elementary years.
C) pre-school years.
D) years between age 14 and adulthood.

Question 31

Woolfolk has suggested that self-esteem is probably increased the most by

A) demonstrating competence in valued knowledge domains.
B) demonstrating understanding in school subjects.
C) having a rich and diverse social life.
D) receiving public recognition and rewards.

Question 32

The difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that

A) self-concept is an affective reaction while self-esteem is a cognitive structure.
B) self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective reaction.
C) self-esteem is a general concept while self-concept is specific to a given situation.
D) there is actually little or no difference between self-esteem and self-concept.

Question 33

Research suggests that the relationship between self-esteem and success in school is a

A) causal relationship.
B) negative relationship.
C) positive relationship.
D) zero relationship.

Question 34

Which one of Erikson's crises would you be LEAST likely to encounter in a K-12 classroom?

A) Identity vs. inferiority
B) Identity vs. role confusion
C) Initiative vs. guilt
D) Integrity vs. despair

Question 35

Christine can't decide what she wants to pursue when she graduates from high school this year. "Life is so confusing," she thinks to herself. "Perhaps it is best not to think about these decisions at all." Christine is experiencing identity

A) achievement.
B) diffusion.
C) foreclosure.
D) moratorium.

Question 36

The development of children's self-concept evolves by means of

A) constant self-evaluation in many different situations.
B) contrasting themselves with their peers.
C) differentiating between their skills and those of their peers.
D) gauging the verbal reactions of significant others.

Question 37

Seventeen-year-old Carl has considered several career options and has developed a firm career goal. Carl is experiencing identity

A) achievement.
B) diffusion.
C) foreclosure.
D) moratorium.

Question 38

A recent study that followed 761 middle-class students from first grade through high school discovered the following about diversity and self-esteem:

A) Boys are more confident than girls in their abilities in math and sports
B) There are no gender differences between boys and girls' self-esteem
C) Girls feel more confidence than boys in math
D) There are major differences between boys and girls in all subject areas

Question 39

Ever since Maida was a child, her parents talked about the possibility of her becoming a doctor. They brought her chemistry sets and equipment, such as stethoscopes and tongue depressors. When Maida entered college, she enrolled in the pre-medical program without even considering other options. According to James Marcia, Maida is exhibiting identity

A) achievement.
B) diffusion.
C) foreclosure.
D) moratorium.

Question 40

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the development of self-concept?

A) A person with a positive self-concept in one school subject is almost certain to have a positive self-concept in other subjects.
B) Older children's academic self-concept may be quite different than their physical self- concept.
C) Poor performance is most damaging to a student's self-concept in science and math courses.
D) The developing self-concept remains quite stable throughout early and late childhood.

Question 41

Children's failure to gain a sense of industry may result in feelings of inferiority.

Question 42

Adolescents who do not experiment with different identities or consider a range of options are experiencing identity diffusion.

Question 43

Research indicates that whether or not an individual cheats in school depends primarily on the

A) individual's honesty.
B) individual's personality.
C) particular situation.
D) subject matter involved.

Question 44

Approximately two-thirds of people with eating disorders actually receive treatment and get help.

Question 45

Frank said, "If I were starving, I'd steal a loaf of bread, but it would be wrong and against the law." What level of moral reasoning does Frank demonstrate?

A) Conventional
B) Nonconventional
C) Preconventional
D) Postconventional

Question 46

As children develop perspective-taking abilities, there is a gradual movement toward a state of

A) moral dilemma.
B) moral reason.
C) morality of cooperation.
D) personal reward orientation.

Question 47

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding how Kohlberg's theory treats social conventions relative to moral issues?

A) Little differentiation between moral issues and social conventions is characteristic of this theory.
B) Moral issues are regarded as more universally oriented than are social conventions.
C) Social conventions are used as the basis for constructing dilemmas.
D) Social conventions are viewed as inherently right or wrong and moral issues as arbitrary.

Question 48

Andrea is driving home from the library at 2:00 in the morning. She stops for a red light and waits, even though no one is in sight. After looking again carefully in all directions, she drives across against the light. According to Kohlberg, what level of moral reasoning is reflected by Andrea's decision to cross the intersection?

A) Conventional
B) Nonconventional
C) Postconventional
D) Preconventional

Question 49

Sue is presented with a moral dilemma and responds that she would act in a certain way to please her parents. The moral reasoning stage reflected is

A) conventional.
B) nonconventional.
C) postconventional.
D) preconventional.

Question 50

8) Children whose parents are divorcing can benefit from authoritative teachers.

Question 51

What is the important base for moral reasoning in both women and men, according to relevant research?

A) Concern for caring and justice
B) Emphasis on justice
C) Importance of equality
D) Sympathy for others

Question 52

During Kohlberg's stage of preconventional moral realism, a child is likely to believe that

A) a person's intentions are really what matters, rather than results.
B) hitting two children deserves a stronger punishment than hitting one child.
C) misbehaving in school always merits punishment of some severe form.
D) punishment is rarely justified even though the behavior was undesirable.

Question 53

Vic was struggling with a difficult math exam. Abbey, an A+ student, was not covering her paper, so Vic decided to copy some of her answers in order to avoid having to try solving the rest of the problems himself. What level of moral reasoning did Vic demonstrate?

A) Conventional
B) Nonconventional
C) Postconventional
D) Preconventional

Question 54

According to Erikson, children's first development crisis is resolving initiative vs. guilt.

Question 55

According to Erikson, adolescents who are having difficulty with identity choices are experiencing a moratorium.

Question 56

In addition to reasoning, what other influences affect moral behaviour?

A) Caring and correction
B) External standards and integration
C) Internalization and modeling
D) Valuing justice and sharing

Question 57

One of the most hotly debated criticisms of Kohlberg's moral reasoning theory is that this theory is based on a longitudinal study of only

A) adolescent females.
B) adolescent males.
C) adult females.
D) adult males.

Question 58

According to Woolfolk, one of the best ways to prevent cheating in a classroom is to

A) make every attempt to avoid placing learners in high-pressure situations.
B) inform students you will call their parents if they are caught cheating.
C) ignore the first cheating behaviour because students typically do not cheat on a regular basis.
D) emphasize why grades are so important to the learning process.

Question 59

A successful means of dealing with the adolescent identity crisis is identity foreclosure.

Question 60

Erikson, like Piaget, saw development as a passage through a series of interdependent stages.

Question 61

Erikson interprets development based on the perspective of the ________ theory.

Question 62

Adolescents who fail to develop a strong identity are likely to experience ________.

Question 63

Research suggests boys' and girls' self-esteem slightly decreases as students transition to junior high.

Question 64

________ marks the beginning of sexual maturity.

Question 65

Teachers should pay attention to which children are rejected and play alone

Question 66

Being recognized as a "good" child by one's parents is especially important at the preconventional stage of moral reasoning.

Question 67

The basic difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective structure.

Question 68

Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs. mistrust are in Piaget's ________ stage.

Question 69

Academic self-concept influences students' course selection.

Question 70

Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized because it does not differentiate between true moral issues and social conventions in the early stages.

Question 71

Primary school students strive to avoid feeling ________ when they are not allowed to do certain things.

Question 72

Some children from different ethnic groups hear and accept messages that devalue their own group.

Question 73

The eating disorder that involves binge eating is ________.

Question 74

Students experience the greatest increases in self-esteem when they grow more competent in the areas that their parents value.

Question 75

The relationship between perseverance and a job completed is what Erikson calls ________.

Question 76

When individuals adopt external standards as their own, they are internalizing those standards.

Question 77

Ethnic heritage and pride are especially important influences on self-esteem.

Question 78

Aggression and assertiveness are synonymous behaviors.

Question 79

Research shows that boys enter puberty earlier than girls.

Question 80

Selman's view is that the development of perspective-taking continues from early childhood to adulthood.