Deck 16: toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: the Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science

Question 1

Why were seventeenth-century European intellectuals so intent on developing methods of study for entire bodies and specific fields of human knowledge? What did it mean then to become a methodical (or systematic) thinker or researcher?

Answer 1

Not answer

Question 2

Compare the methods used by Bacon and Descartes. Would Pascal agree with the methods and interests of these men? Why or why not?

Answer 2

Not answer

Question 3

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Aristotle

Answer 3

Not answer

Question 4

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alchemy and hermetic magic

Question 5

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"God's handiwork"

Question 6

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geocentric universe

Question 7

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Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 8

To what extent was the Scientific Revolution a continuation of old modes of thinking, knowledge, and perspectives?

Question 9

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epicycles

Question 10

How did women contribute to the beginnings of modern science? How did male scientists view women and female scientists?

Question 11

What was rationalism? Why is Descartes considered the founder of "modern rationalism"?

Question 12

What do we mean by the Newtonian world-machine? How did Newton arrive at this conception? What are the broader social, political, and cultural implications of viewing the entire universe as a machine?

Question 13

What was "new" and what was not new about the seventeenth century's "New Heaven and a New Earth"? Be specific and give examples.

Question 14

What relationships existed between scientists and the Church?

Question 15

Does Newton deserve to be considered the most significant figure from the Scientific Revolution, why or why not?

Question 16

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the Empyrean Heaven

Question 17

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Ptolemaic universe

Question 18

What did Paracelsus, Vesalius, and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine? Be specific and give examples.

Question 19

How was the new scientific knowledge spread in the seventeenth century?

Question 20

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"natural philosophers"

Question 21

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Tycho Brahe

Question 22

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Principia

Question 23

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On the Motion of the Heart and Blood

Question 24

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Galen

Question 25

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Galileo Galilei

Question 26

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the Inquisition

Question 27

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On the Fabric of the Human Body

Question 28

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Johannes Kepler

Question 29

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The Starry Messenger

Question 30

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Andreas Vesalius

Question 31

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On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Question 32

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three laws of planetary motion

Question 33

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heliocentric universe

Question 34

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"new drugs"

Question 35

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universal law of gravitation

Question 36

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Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems

Question 37

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William Harvey

Question 38

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Isaac Newton

Question 39

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Paracelsus

Question 40

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four bodily humors

Question 41

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Blaise Pascal

Question 42

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English Royal Society

Question 43

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Pensees

Question 44

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Rene Descartes

Question 45

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Antoine Lavoisier

Question 46

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French Royal Academy of Sciences

Question 47

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Scientific Method

Question 48

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Margaret Cavendish

Question 49

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"to conquer nature in action"

Question 50

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querelles des femmes

Question 51

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Benedict de Spinoza's pantheism

Question 52

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Discourse on Method

Question 53

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Francis Bacon's inductive method

Question 54

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Maria Winkelmann

Question 55

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Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner

Question 56

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Robert Boyle

Question 57

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rationalism

Question 58

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"I think therefore I am"

Question 59

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Journal des Savants

Question 60

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Maria Sibylla Merian

Question 61

All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution except

A) the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities.
B) mathematical and naturalistic skills of Renaissance artists.
C) the Hermetic belief in magic and alchemy.
D) the humanists' rediscovery of Greek mathematicians and thinkers.
E) the inspired work of a few intellectuals.

Question 62

Galileo wrote

A) nothing of note.
B) a translation of the Bible in Italian.
C) The Starry Messenger.
D) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
E) Principia.

Question 63

Galileo was convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest for life in 1633 for

A) denying the existence of God.
B) dropping heavy objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
C) being a recipient of Medici funding.
D) claiming that Copernicus was in league with the Devil.
E) ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print.

Question 64

Copernicus's major book was titled

A) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
B) Novum Organum.
C) Principia.
D) On the Motion of the Heart and Blood.
E) The Great Instauration.

Question 65

Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that

A) the planets are made of earth-like material.
B) planetary orbits are elliptical.
C) the stars are immensely far away.
D) everything is an illusion.
E) the moon orbits around the earth.

Question 66

The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was that

A) it was orderly with heaven at the center and the earth circling around it.
B) the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.
C) the earth rested on the shell of a giant tortoise.
D) it could not be revealed according to God's will.
E) the world was flat.

Question 67

The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was

A) Galileo.
B) Copernicus.
C) Brahe.
D) Kepler.
E) Newton.

Question 68

The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century

A) was stimulated by a revived interest in Galen and Aristotle.
B) directly resulted from reaction and revolt against the social and historical conditions of the Middle Ages.
C) was largely due to a monastic revolution.
D) although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.
E) was a complete break with the past.

Question 69

According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things?

A) astronomy
B) art
C) biology
D) the Bible
E) mathematics.

Question 70

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Philosophical Transactions

Question 71

Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by

A) working out the theory of inertia.
B) making accurate observations of the planets.
C) calculating the pull of gravity on the tides by the moon.
D) calculating the distance to the sun.
E) inventing the astrolabe.

Question 72

The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was

A) condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.
B) broad approval motivated by their now higher educational achievements.
C) confused silence.
D) the calling of the Council of Dort by Protestants and Catholics to question the astronomer closely prior to trial for blasphemy.
E) apathy because they could not understand either his theory or his calculations.

Question 73

The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as

A) God's master plan.
B) the geocentric conception.
C) the lunacentric conception.
D) the expanding universe.
E) the pantheistic theory.

Question 74

Scholars devoted to Hermeticism

A) believed that the world was a very recent creation still imperfect.
B) credited the devil with control over the dark secrets of nature.
C) saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.
D) retreated from study of the natural world to concentrate on mastery of theories of magic.
E) a and d

Question 75

The ideas of Copernicus were

A) radically different from Aristotle's principle of the existence of heavenly spheres.
B) nearly as complicated as those of Ptolemy.
C) were just like the ideas of today.
D) quite consistent with Biblical ideas.
E) similar to those of Ptolemy but different from those of Aristotle.

Question 76

Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was really an attempt to

A) embarrass Copernicus.
B) support Copernicus through a publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience.
C) attack Luther and Protestant theological restrictions on scientific inquiry.
D) apologize to the church for earlier theories he now saw as mistaken.
E) oppose the dogma and doctrine of the Catholic Church.

Question 77

Which of these ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars?

A) Aristotle
B) Galen
C) Ptolemy
D) Galileo
E) Plato

Question 78

Copernicus preferred the heliocentric model because

A) as a Protestant, he felt free to disagree with the Pope.
B) it earned him lots of money and fame.
C) it made the planetary orbits easier to calculate.
D) he regarded the Sun as the most powerful god
E) the sun is the source of all energy on earth.

Question 79

The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?

A) astronomy, medicine, and mechanics.
B) astronomy, botany, and chemistry
C) biology, mechanics, and ballistics
D) engineering, physics, and dentistry
E) biology, surgery, and astronomy

Question 80

Following upon Copernicus's heliocentric theories

A) Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory but that showed the orbits were elliptical.
B) Kepler observed the heavens and proved that planetary motion was circular around the sun.
C) Kepler used magic to prove that the earth moved in a manner based on geometric figures, trying to bring harmony of the human soul into alignment with the universe.
D) Galileo and Kepler demonstrated that the motion of the planets is steady and unchanging.
E) Kepler discovered the three laws of thermodynamics.