Deck 17: the Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment

Question 1

What were the major ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau? In what ways were Rousseau's ideas unique, differing from those of his predecessors?

Answer 1

Not answer

Question 2

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John Locke's tabula rasa

Answer 2

Not answer

Question 3

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Immanuel Kant

Answer 3

Not answer

Question 4

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Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws

Question 5

Did the Enlightenment represent a new era for women?

Question 6

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Fontenelle's Plurality of Worlds

Question 7

Compare and contrast the contributions of the French philosophes and Britain's Enlightenment figures. How do they differ, if they do, and why?

Question 8

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James Cook's Travels

Question 9

Define "high culture." In what ways was high culture expressed in the eighteenth century?

Question 10

Discuss the significance and the influence of John Locke and Isaac Newton on the Enlightenment.

Question 11

To what extent did "high culture" and "popular culture" influence one another?

Question 12

In summary, what was the Enlightenment?

Question 13

What role did women play in the development of the Enlightenment?

Question 14

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reason

Question 15

Compare deism to other strains of religiosity in the eighteenth century.

Question 16

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philosophes

Question 17

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Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Question 18

How do the art and literature of the eighteenth century reflect the political and social life of the period?

Question 19

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Pierre Bayle

Question 20

What specific contributions did Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot make to the age of the Enlightenment? Compare and contrast their political ideas with Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli.

Question 21

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Physiocrats

Question 22

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deism

Question 23

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laissez-faire

Question 24

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Condorcet and Baron d'Holbach

Question 25

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Marie-Therese de Geoffrin

Question 26

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"science of man"

Question 27

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Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Question 28

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Antoine Watteau

Question 29

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Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

Question 30

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Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 31

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Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia

Question 32

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Voltaire's Treatise on Toleration

Question 33

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David Hume

Question 34

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Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations

Question 35

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Rococo

Question 36

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the salon and the coffeehouse

Question 37

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Francois Quesnay

Question 38

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American Philosophical Society

Question 39

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract and the general will

Question 40

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Emile

Question 41

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newspapers and libraries

Question 42

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Addison and Steele's Spectator

Question 43

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George Frederick Handel

Question 44

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Jacques-Louis David

Question 45

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chapbooks

Question 46

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Franz Joseph Haydn

Question 47

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Joseph II's Toleration Patent

Question 48

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Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews

Question 49

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pietism and the Moravian Brethren

Question 50

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Question 51

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Cesare Beccaria

Question 52

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Realschule and Volkschulen

Question 53

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Samuel Richardson's Pamela

Question 54

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Neoclassicism

Question 55

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Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Question 56

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Balthasar Neumann

Question 57

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Carnival

Question 58

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gin

Question 59

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Henry Fielding's History of Tom Jones, A Foundling

Question 60

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Johann Sebastian Bach

Question 61

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John Wesley and Methodism

Question 62

Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with

A) a passion for evil.
B) love in their heart.
C) the image of god in their mind's eye.
D) a blank slate.
E) a mixture of their parent's beliefs and values.

Question 63

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

A) the German monarchical system.
B) the separation of church and state.
C) religious intolerance.
D) Plato and the Greeks.
E) Chinese civilization.

Question 64

Isaac Newton and John Locke

A) created two antagonistic religious systems of thought.
B) provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
C) claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly.
D) said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the scientific revolution was justified.
E) had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.

Question 65

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was

A) Mary Wollstonecraft.
B) Marie Antoinette.
C) Mary Astell.
D) Catherine the Great.
E) the Marquise du Chatelet.

Question 66

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of

A) anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities.
B) secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
C) sophism and the mockery of past traditions.
D) monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers.
E) the complete separation of church from state.

Question 67

Deism is the belief that

A) religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious.
B) if God exists, he has no interest in the world.
C) God created the universe but does not actively run it
D) a transcendent spirit controls every event.
E) praying matters.

Question 68

The French philosophes

A) flourished in an atmosphere of government support.
B) sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines.
C) were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
D) supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own.
E) were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.

Question 69

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

A) Geneva.
B) Berlin.
C) London.
D) Vienna.
E) Paris.

Question 70

The French philosophes mostly included people from

A) the nobility and the middle class.
B) the lower class and the lower middle class.
C) aristocracy and nobility.
D) urban artisans and craftsmen.
E) the universities.

Question 71

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as

A) "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."
B) "the end of tyranny."
C) "a new era of equality for all."
D) "a false intimation of future woes."
E) "the proxy for real progress"

Question 72

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

A) Voltaire.
B) Diderot.
C) Hume.
D) Beccaria.
E) Fontenelle.

Question 73

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was

A) Denis Diderot.
B) Adam Smith.
C) Francois Quesnay.
D) Cesare Beccaria.
E) David Hume.

Question 74

The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to

A) get the uneducated masses to respect authority.
B) usher in God's kingdom on earth.
C) dispute the claims of science.
D) exacerbate the hedonism of his peers.
E) change the general way of thinking.

Question 75

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

A) the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.
B) the rational dismantling of all churches and their competing but empty ideologies.
C) a complete stop to all efforts at the reform of justice.
D) rigorous state control of all forms of education.
E) the establishment of democratic republics throughout Europe.

Question 76

In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where

A) the legislature exercises absolute and unlimited power.
B) the king exercises absolute and unlimited power.
C) power is divided between the three branches of government.
D) the nobility is uninvolved.
E) all government resources are focused on military power.

Question 77

A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of

A) James Cook.
B) Ferdinand de Lesseps.
C) Zheng He.
D) David Hume.
E) Ferdinand Magellan.

Question 78

A key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was

A) psychological autobiography.
B) travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.
C) ribald stories of peasant ignorance.
D) aristocratic joke books showing the bad humor of supposed social elites.
E) scientific treatises based upon philosophical induction.

Question 79

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

A) scientific theism.
B) an abandonment of the scientific method.
C) intellectual stagnation.
D) the formation of several agnostic religious movements.
E) the social sciences.

Question 80

The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they

A) popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.
B) portray churches as allies of scientific progress.
C) discourage amateur conversations about scientific matters.
D) question the capacity of women to comprehend scientific discourse.
E) advocated the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism because the latter was "freer."