Deck 28: Plant Structure and Growth

Question 1

Which tissue is responsible for plant growth?

A)parenchyma
B)vascular tissue
C)meristem
D)collenchyma
E)sclerenchyma

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The cortex in a cross section of a dicot root is located between

A)the epidermis and endodermis.
B)the endodermis and pericycle.
C)the xylem and phloem.
D)the endodermis and xylem.
E)the pericycle and pith.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Root hairs,which absorb the water and minerals in the majority of plants,are the extensions of root

A)collenchyma tissue.
B)pericycle.
C)endodermis.
D)epidermal cells.
E)parenchyma.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which type of roots support tall and top-heavy plants?

A)buttress roots
B)storage roots
C)tap roots
D)pneumatophores
E)prop roots

Question 5

Secondary growth in eudicot stems and roots is caused by the

A)apical meristem.
B)axillary bud.
C)lateral meristem.
D)secondary xylem.
E)secondary phloem.

Question 6

Storage roots,stems,and leaves are some of the evolutionary adaptations of plants.Which of the following are listed in the order of modified root,stem,and leaf?

A)rhizome,bulb,tuber
B)bulb,stolon,spine
C)rhizome,stolon,tendril
D)stolon,rhizome,bulb
E)tendril,rhizome,spine

Question 7

Which of the following environmental factors plays a critical role in plant photosynthesis?

A)CO₂ and O₂
B)O₂ and light
C)O₂ and chlorophyll in mesophyll
D)light and CO₂
E)light,chlorophyll,and CO₂

Question 8

Adventitious roots in monocots are very helpful in coastal ecosystems to reduce

A)water absorption.
B)evaporation.
C)soil erosion.
D)nutrient absorption.
E)decomposition.

Question 9

An association between the roots of a terrestrial plant with soil fungus is referred to as

A)parasitism.
B)symbiosis.
C)autotrophism.
D)heterotrophism.
E)saprobism.

Question 10

Guard cells of stomata in leaves of plants are modified

A)mesophyll cells.
B)epidermal cells.
C)palisade mesophyll cells.
D)sclerenchyma cells.
E)collenchyma cells.

Question 11

Which tissue is responsible for the recovery and rapid growth of damaged leaves of grass grazed by sheep in a pasture?

A)parenchyma
B)apical meristem
C)axillary buds
D)mesophyll
E)intercalary meristem

Question 12

Xylem,a vascular tissue,performs which of the following functions?

A)storage of food
B)photosynthesis
C)aerobic respiration
D)transport of water and minerals
E)transport of food

Question 13

Lateral branches,thorns,or flowers on the shoot and vertical roots on the rhizome produce from the

A)apical bud.
B)internode.
C)node.
D)axillary bud.
E)petiole.

Question 14

The activation or inactivation of specific genes during cell differentiation depends largely on

A)cell division.
B)cell-to-cell communication.
C)cell structure.
D)cell function

Question 15

Arrange the following steps of cell differentiation during plant growth (in length)in the correct sequence.
I)cell division in primary meristem
Ii)cell division in apical meristem
Iii)differentiated cells
Iv)growing cells in primary meristem

A)i,ii,iii,iv
B)ii,i,iv,iii
C)ii,iii,i,iv
D)i,iii,ii,iv
E)iii,ii,iv,ii

Question 16

Which of the following plant organs is an evolutionary adaptation of a leaf that stores food?

A)tuber
B)pneumatophore
C)rhizome
D)bulb
E)tendril

Question 17

The cork cambium replaces which of the following tissues during the plant growth?

A)epidermis
B)primary xylem
C)primary phloem
D)vascular cambium
E)endodermis

Question 18

Which of the plant organs pays a pivotal role on dissipating heat?

A)stem
B)root
C)leaf
D)tuber
E)stolon

Question 19

Which plant pollen grain has one opening?

A)magnolia
B)rice
C)rose
D)peanut
E)cashew

Question 20

More than a quarter of the dry wood mass contributed by ________,a strengthening polymer,comes from the cell walls of ________ tissue.

A)cellulose;parenchyma
B)lignin;collenchyma
C)lignin;sclerenchyma
D)cellulose;sclerenchyma
E)suberin;parenchyma

Question 21

Which of the following tissues played a very critical role in the process of evolution to produce the great biodiversity of flowering plant species?

A)lateral meristem
B)apical meristem
C)mesophyll
D)endodermis
E)xylem and phloem

Question 22

The lateral root originates in which of the following parts of the root?

A)xylem
B)phloem
C)endodermis
D)pericycle
E)periderm

Question 23

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many tightly packed cells with relatively thick cell walls.The cells have no nucleus and are dead.What type of cells are they?

A)parenchyma
B)xylem rays
C)endodermis
D)collenchyma
E)sclerenchyma

Question 24

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the

A)cortex.
B)stele.
C)endodermis.
D)periderm.
E)pith.

Question 25

Arrange the following tissues in an order from the upper surface to the middle area of a leaf cross section.
I)epidermis
Ii)xylem
Iii)palisade mesophyll
Iv)spongy mesophyll

A)i,ii,iii,iv
B)ii,i,iv,iii
C)iii,i,ii,iv
D)iv,iii,i,ii
E)i,iii,iv,ii

Question 26

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division?

A)a sclereid
B)a parenchyma cell 2 mm from the tip of a root
C)a functional sieve-tube element
D)a tracheid
E)a stem fiber

Question 27

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system,several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem,and a layer of bark around the outside.Which of the following best describes the plant?

A)herbaceous eudicot
B)woody eudicot
C)woody monocot
D)herbaceous monocot
E)woody annual

Question 28

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

A)root cap
B)root hairs
C)the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem
D)storage roots
E)sections of the root that have secondary xylem

Question 29

Root hairs originate from which of the following parts of the root?

A)cortex
B)endodermis
C)epidermis
D)pericycle
E)periderm

Question 30

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young,growing parts of the plant and provide flexibility?

A)parenchyma cells
B)collenchyma cells
C)sclerenchyma cells
D)tracheids and vessel elements
E)sieve-tube elements

Question 31

Which type of meristem enables grasses to regrow after grazing by herbivores?

A)intercalary meristem
B)apical meristem
C)axillary meristem
D)lateral meristem

Question 32

Plants contain meristems whose major function is to

A)attract pollinators.
B)absorb ions.
C)photosynthesize.
D)produce more cells.
E)produce flowers.

Question 33

Compared to most animals,the growth of most plants is best described as

A)perennial.
B)weedy.
C)indeterminate.
D)derivative.
E)primary.

Question 34

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that

A)only leaves have phloem,and only roots have xylem.
B)root cells have cell walls,and leaf cells do not.
C)leaves have mesophyll tissue,but roots do not.
D)vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves.
E)leaves have epidermal tissue,but roots do not.

Question 35

Mature cork cells deposit a waxy substance called ________ in cell walls.

A)suberin
B)lignin
C)chitin
D)cellulose
E)pectin

Question 36

Which of the following statements about growth in plants is true?

A)Primary growth is localized at meristems,whereas secondary growth is localized at buds.
B)Some plants lack secondary growth.
C)Secondary growth occurs only in stems.
D)Reproductive structures are produced by secondary growth.
E)Monocots have only primary growth,and eudicots have only secondary growth.

Question 37

Vascular cambium in eudicot stems produce

A)dermal and ground tissue.
B)lateral tissues.
C)pith.
D)secondary xylem and phloem.
E)shoots and roots.

Question 38

The strength and hardness of wood are due to

A)secondary growth.
B)highly lignified walls of secondary phloem.
C)highly lignified walls of xylem.
D)annual rings.
E)tracheids.

Question 39

________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem.

A)Sclerenchyma cell;collenchyma cell
B)Apical meristem;vascular cambium
C)Vessel element;sieve-tube member
D)Cortex;pith
E)Vascular cambium;cork cambium

Question 40

Axillary buds

A)are initiated by the cork cambium.
B)have dormant meristematic cells.
C)are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes.
D)grow immediately into shoot branches.
E)do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot.

Question 41

Figure 28.1
Which of the following statements about the cells shown in the photograph in Figure 28.1 is true?

A)They are parenchyma cells.
B)They are photosynthetic.
C)They are usually found in roots.
D)They are phloem cells.
E)They are parenchyma cells and photosynthetic.

Question 42

A plant that is at least 3 years old is represented in Figure 28.2 by

A)I only.
B)II only.
C)III only.
D)IV only.

Question 43

The dominant type of tissue that makes up most of the wood of a tree is

A)primary xylem.
B)secondary xylem.
C)secondary phloem.
D)mesophyll cells.
E)vascular cambium.

Question 44

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.
I)root cap
Ii)zone of elongation
Iii)zone of cell division
Iv)zone of cell differentiation
V)apical meristem
Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward?

A)i,ii,v,iii,iv
B)iii,v,i,ii,iv
C)ii,iv,i,v,iii
D)iv,ii,iii,i,v
E)i,v,iii,ii,iv

Question 45

A person working with plants may increase the lateral branches by which of the following?

A)pruning shoot tips
B)deep watering of the roots
C)fertilizing
D)treating the plants with auxins
E)feeding the plants nutrients

Question 46

Imagine you are in an introductory biology laboratory observing the cross section of a primary dicot stem.The diameter of vascular bundle was 200 µm.Your instructor asked you to convert the diameter of the vascular bundle into mm.Which of the following is the correct response?

A)20
B)2
C)0)2
D)0)02
E)0)002

Question 47

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?

A)endodermis
B)phloem
C)cortex
D)epidermis
E)pericycle

Question 48

As a youngster,you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall.The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground.Fifteen years later,you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters.About how many meters above the ground is the nail?

A)0)5
B)1)5
C)3)0
D)15.0
E)28.5

Question 49

CO₂ enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the

A)cuticle.
B)epidermal trichomes.
C)stoma.
D)phloem.
E)walls of guard cells.

Question 50

The secondary growth in stems and roots of woody plants produced by the

A)intercalary meristem.
B)lateral meristem.
C)apical meristem.
D)axillary meristem.

Question 51

Figure 28.2
A monocot stem is represented in Figure 28.2 by

A)I only.
B)II only.
C)III only.
D)IV only.
E)both I and III.

Question 52

Gas exchange,which is necessary for photosynthesis,can occur most easily in which leaf tissue?

A)epidermis
B)palisade mesophyll
C)spongy mesophyll
D)vascular tissue
E)bundle sheath

Question 53

Which of the following is a true statement?

A)Flowers may have secondary growth.
B)Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves.
C)Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.
D)Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant.
E)Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem.

Question 54

The characteristic feature of typical collenchyma tissue is

A)a thick cell wall.
B)large intercellular space.
C)lignin filled intercellular spaces.
D)inability to divide.
E)transportation.

Question 55

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree,when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem)outward,you would cross,in order,

A)the annual rings,new xylem,vascular cambium,phloem,and bark.
B)the secondary xylem,cork cambium,phloem,and periderm.
C)the vascular cambium,oldest xylem,and newest xylem.
D)the secondary xylem,secondary phloem,and vascular cambium.
E)the summer wood,bark,and phloem.

Question 56

Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down.The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks,but the tree eventually died.The tissue(s)that George left functional was/were the

A)phloem.
B)xylem.
C)cork cambium.
D)cortex.
E)companion and sieve-tube members.

Question 57

The vascular rays,made of parenchyma,connect the

A)primary xylem and pericycle.
B)secondary xylem and phloem.
C)primary xylem and phloem.
D)primary xylem and secondary phloem.
E)pericycle and secondary xylem.

Question 58

The shoot elongation in a growing bud is due to

A)cell division at the shoot apical meristem.
B)cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem.
C)cell division localized in each internode.
D)cell elongation localized in each internode.
E)cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem.

Question 59

Which of the following cells in a dicot stem is only one cell thick?

A)cortex
B)pith
C)secondary xylem
D)vascular cambium
E)phloem

Question 60

Annual rings in woody plant stems and roots represent the

A)primary phloem of spring and summer.
B)primary and secondary xylem of summer.
C)secondary xylem of spring and summer.
D)secondary phloem of spring and summer.
E)primary and secondary xylem of spring.

Question 61

Which of the following responses is the correct order of tissues from the center to the periphery (outside)of a two-year-old dicot stem cross section?

A)primary xylem,secondary xylem,vascular cambium,secondary phloem,secondary xylem
B)secondary xylem,secondary phloem,vascular cambium,secondary xylem,primary xylem
C)primary phloem,primary xylem,secondary xylem,secondary phloem,vascular cambium
D)secondary phloem,secondary xylem,primary xlem,primary phloem,vascular cambium
E)vascular cambium,primary xylem,secondary xylem,primary phloem,secondary phloem

Question 62

The location and function of lenticels in woody plants are ________ and ________,respectively.

A)periderm;gas exchange
B)endodermis;gas exchange
C)cortex;photosynthesis
D)cortex;storage
E)pericycle;photosynthesis

Question 63

The bark of woody plants represents all tissues external to the

A)cortex.
B)vascular cambium.
C)endodermis.
D)pith.
E)pericycle.

Question 64

The new root cells will be generated in the

A)zone of elongation.
B)zone of cell division.
C)root cap.
D)zone of differentiation.

Question 65

Which of the following would not be seen in a cross section through the woody part of a root?

A)sclerenchyma cells
B)sieve-tube elements
C)parenchyma cells
D)root hairs

Question 66

The innermost layer of the root cortex is the

A)core.
B)pericycle.
C)endodermis.
D)pith.

Question 67

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

A)bark.
B)periderm.
C)secondary xylem.
D)secondary phloem.
E)cork.