Deck 7: Motivation: From Concept to Application

Question 1

Motivation is best defined as:

A)high performance directed towards the satisfaction of a goal.
B)processes that account for an individual's intensity,direction and persistence towards attaining a goal.
C)being told to exert high levels of effort.
D)efficient behaviour.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The drive to become what one is capable of becoming is which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A)esteem
B)self-actualisation
C)physiological
D)social

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which one of the following statements about Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory is FALSE?

A)The need hierarchy concept has been well supported by research.
B)Physiological needs are the lowest level.
C)Social,esteem and self-actualisation are described as higher-order needs.
D)The five levels of needs are arranged in hierarchical order.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Two-factor theory is also referred to as the:

A)hierarchy of needs theory.
B)motivation-hygiene theory.
C)theories X and Y.
D)satisfaction/dissatisfaction theory.

Question 5

Growth and achieving one's potential are examples of Maslow's:

A)physiological factors.
B)esteem factors.
C)social factors.
D)self-actualisation factors.

Question 6

The most well-known theory of motivation is Abraham Maslow's:

A)two-factor theory.
B)motivator-hygiene theory.
C)theories X and Y.
D)hierarchy of needs.

Question 7

Which of the following were considered higher-order needs by Maslow?

A)esteem and self-actualisation
B)physiological,safety and social
C)social,esteem and self-actualisation
D)safety,social and esteem

Question 8

Doug is an IT support officer in his organisation.He receives calls relating to network access problems,login problems and other small issues related to computer usage.Doug sees himself as a motivated individual.He tries very hard to do his job well. If Doug channels his efforts into making a list of all the potential problems that can arise so he can respond to people's IT queries more efficiently,it would exemplify:

A)intensity.
B)direction.
C)persistence.
D)all of the above.

Question 9

Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A)self-actualisation.
B)social.
C)motivational.
D)safety.

Question 10

Doug is an IT support officer in his organisation.He receives calls relating to network access problems,login problems and other small issues related to computer usage.Doug sees himself as a motivated individual.He tries very hard to do his job well. After a while,Doug finds it difficult to respond to people in a friendly manner when they call him with simple login problems.Which element of motivation is being challenged,resulting in Doug's new behaviour?

A)intensity
B)direction
C)persistence
D)all the above

Question 11

Two-factor theory suggests that extrinsic factors such as ______ cause dissatisfaction.

A)advancement
B)working conditions
C)recognition
D)achievement

Question 12

Who proposed a two-factor theory?

A)Alderfer
B)Herzberg
C)Maslow
D)McClelland

Question 13

Which of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's need for hunger,thirst and sex?

A)social
B)physiological
C)esteem
D)safety

Question 14

In the definition of motivation,which of the following is NOT one of the three key elements?

A)direction
B)persistence
C)intensity
D)drive

Question 15

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is arranged in which of the following orders?

A)physiological,esteem,safety,social and self-actualisation
B)safety,physiological,esteem,social and self-actualisation
C)physiological,safety,social,esteem and self-actualisation
D)physiological,social,safety,esteem and self-actualisation

Question 16

The element of motivation that describes how hard a person tried is:

A)direction.
B)persistence.
C)intensity.
D)drive.

Question 17

Doug is an IT support officer in his organisation.He receives calls relating to network access problems,login problems and other small issues related to computer usage.Doug sees himself as a motivated individual.He tries very hard to do his job well. The amount of effort Doug is willing to put in relates to:

A)intensity.
B)direction.
C)persistence.
D)all the above.

Question 18

According to Maslow,when does a need stop motivating?

A)when it is substantially satisfied
B)never
C)when one chooses to move to a higher-level need
D)when one returns to a lower-level need

Question 19

The element of motivation that measures how long a person can maintain effort is:

A)direction.
B)persistence.
C)intensity.
D)drive.

Question 20

Self-respect,autonomy and achievement are examples of Maslow's:

A)esteem factors.
B)physiological factors.
C)social factors.
D)none of the above.

Question 21

Which one of the following would be considered a motivator in the two-factor theory?

A)recognition
B)supervision
C)working conditions
D)salary

Question 22

Your fellow employees have a terrible work situation.They work in an old,unattractive building with an antiquated heating system.The work itself is tedious and the supervisor is rarely available.You have decided to try to apply Herzberg's two-factor theory to the situation. What would Herzberg believe would motivate the employees?

A)receiving recognition for a job well done
B)making improvements to the working conditions
C)having the supervisor 'hang around' more
D)fixing the heating system

Question 23

Which one of the following would Herzberg classify as a hygiene factor?

A)achievement
B)company policy
C)responsibility
D)growth

Question 24

Your fellow employees have a terrible work situation.They work in an old,unattractive building with an antiquated heating system.The work itself is tedious,and the supervisor is rarely available.You have decided to try to apply Herzberg's two-factor theory to the situation. You decide that your first job should be to remove the dissatisfiers.Which of the following would you remove?

A)advancement
B)intrinsic rewards
C)working conditions
D)recognition

Question 25

Self-determination theory works because:

A)extrinsic rewards will reward work that is already intrinsically satisfying and interesting.
B)intrinsic rewards will reward work that is already intrinsically satisfying and interesting.
C)extrinsic rewards will reward work that is already extrinsically satisfying and interesting.
D)intrinsic rewards will reward work that is already extrinsically satisfying and interesting.

Question 26

_________ proposed that intentions to work towards a goal are a major source of work motivation.

A)McClelland
B)Edwin Locke
C)Maslow
D)Herzberg

Question 27

Self-determination theory proposes:

A)that people prefer to have the freedom of choice about what they will do,so enjoyed tasks must be intrinsically rewarded.
B)that people prefer to have the freedom of choice about what they will do,so enjoyed tasks must be extrinsically rewarded.
C)that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions,so anything that makes a previously difficult task feel more enjoyable like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will increase motivation.
D)that people prefer to feel they are in control of their actions,so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation.

Question 28

According to the goal-setting theory of motivation,goals should be:

A)basic.
B)difficult but attainable.
C)just a bit beyond his or her potential.
D)extremely difficult.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about the two-factor theory is FALSE?

A)A job becomes satisfying when the dissatisfying characteristics are removed.
B)Intrinsic factors are motivators.
C)Working conditions are characterised as hygiene factors.
D)It has not been well supported in the literature.

Question 30

Individuals high in _________ seem to respond to negative feedback with increased effort and motivation.

A)goal commitment
B)task difficulty
C)self-efficacy
D)none of the above

Question 31

Self-efficacy is also known as:

A)self-concordance theory.
B)self-determination theory.
C)social cognitive theory.
D)cognitive learning theory.

Question 32

Self-concordance is:

A)the degree to which a person's reasons for pursuing a goal are consistent with their interests and core values.
B)that specific and difficult goals,with feedback,lead to higher performance.
C)the degree of belief an individual has in their own abilities and capabilities to perform a task.
D)the degree of knowledge an individual has of their own abilities and capabilities to perform a task.

Question 33

When considering goal-setting theory,we can say that:

A)feedback leads to quicker satisfaction of goals than does non-feedback.
B)nonspecific goals increase performance.
C)difficult goals result in lower performance than do basic goals.
D)the evidence strongly supports the value of goals.

Question 34

Which of the following is a criticism of the two-factor theory?

A)Reliability is questionable.
B)No overall measure of satisfaction is utilised.
C)The research methodology does not examine productivity.
D)All of the above.

Question 35

All of the following are important issues relating to goal-setting theory EXCEPT:

A)goal specificity.
B)equity among co-workers.
C)feedback.
D)goal difficulty.

Question 36

Which of the following is inconsistent with goal-setting theory?

A)If employees participate in setting goals,chances for acceptance are increased.
B)Challenging goals or difficult goals can increase performance.
C)Goals that are certain to be accomplished increase motivation.
D)Specificity increases motivation.

Question 37

Your fellow employees have a terrible work situation.They work in an old,unattractive building with an antiquated heating system.The work itself is tedious,and the supervisor is rarely available.You have decided to try to apply Herzberg's two-factor theory to the situation. According to Herzberg,which of the following statements would be TRUE?

A)When the dissatisfiers are removed,employees will be satisfied.
B)Lack of recognition as a dissatisfier.
C)Dissatisfaction and satisfaction are not opposites.
D)The relationship with the supervisor is a motivation factor.

Question 38

Self-efficacy theory proposes four ways in which self-efficacy can be increased.Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A)enactive mastery
B)vicarious discussion
C)verbal persuasion
D)arousal

Question 39

Your department is made up of people who are very different in their lifestyles and stages of life.Mary is a 23-year-old single parent who is working for minimum wage.Jonathan is 60 years old,extremely wealthy and works because he enjoys it.Jane is single,45 years old,and has few interests outside the office.You have decided to attempt to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to motivate each of these individuals. You would expect that Mary is trying to satisfy her _______ needs.

A)social
B)physiological
C)self-actualisation
D)esteem

Question 40

Your department is made up of people who are very different in their lifestyles and their stages of life.Mary is a 23-year-old single parent who is working for minimum wage.Jonathan is 60 years old,extremely wealthy and works because he enjoys it.Jane is single,45 years old,and has few interests outside the office.You have decided to attempt to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to motivate each of these individuals. You would expect that Jonathan is trying to satisfy his _______ needs.

A)self-actualisation
B)social
C)esteem
D)physiological

Question 41

Which of the following statements about the global implications of motivation is FALSE?

A)Across all countries,extrinsic job characteristics were consistently and positively related to job satisfaction.
B)Studies testing the job characteristics model in different cultures have shown consistent results.
C)Regardless of the country,interest in telecommuting is higher among employees than among employers.
D)Employee involvement programs differ between countries.

Question 42

In terms of job characteristics,a body shop worker who sprays paint eight hours a day exemplifies:

A)high feedback.
B)low skill variety.
C)high skill variety.
D)low feedback.

Question 43

In terms of job characteristics,sweeping floors in an office building exemplifies:

A)low task significance.
B)skills variety.
C)low task identity.
D)high task significance.

Question 44

__________ refers to the vertical expansion of jobs.

A)Job enlargement
B)Job rotation
C)Cross training
D)Job enrichment

Question 45

According to the JCM,the degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work or other people is:

A)task identity.
B)autonomy.
C)skill variety.
D)task significance.

Question 46

What two theorists are associated with the job characteristics model (JCM)?

A)Blake and Mouton
B)Turner and Lawrence
C)Luft and Ingham
D)Hackman and Oldham

Question 47

Reinforcement theory views behaviour as:

A)environmentally caused.
B)a function of one's power need.
C)the inner state of the individual.
D)a cognitive process.

Question 48

According to expectancy theory,the degree to which organisational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual is the ________ relationship.

A)effort-satisfaction
B)rewards-personal goals
C)performance-reward
D)effort-performance

Question 49

A goal of 'do your best':

A)enables the employee to perform their best.
B)is better than a hard goal.
C)is better than a simple goal.
D)is inappropriate goal setting.

Question 50

You plan to use Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model to describe the core job dimensions of the jobs within your division.You understand that these dimensions are related to employee motivation,performance and satisfaction. John has a job that requires a variety of different activities so that he gets to use a number of different skills and talents.John's job has:

A)skill variety.
B)task significance.
C)task identity.
D)autonomy.

Question 51

The JCM includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A)role identity.
B)feedback.
C)task identity.
D)task significance.

Question 52

The periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another is called:

A)job enlargement.
B)job rotation.
C)cross training.
D)job enrichment.

Question 53

According to the JCM,which of the following describes autonomy?

A)The degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.
B)The degree to which the job provides independence.
C)The degree to which the employee receives information concerning performance.
D)The degree to which the job requires a variety of different activities.

Question 54

Which of the following would be an example of a job with the characteristic of high task significance?

A)An electronics factory worker who assembles a radio and then tests it to determine if it operates properly.
B)Nursing the sick in a hospital intensive care unit.
C)Sweeping hospital floors.
D)A body shop worker who sprays paint eight hours a day.

Question 55

In terms of job characteristics,an electronics factory worker who assembles a radio and then tests it to determine if it operates properly exemplifies:

A)low task significance.
B)high feedback.
C)high task significance.
D)low feedback.

Question 56

According to the goal-setting theory,the goals that result in a high level of individual performance are:

A)general easy goals that give the employee freedom.
B)specific easy goals.
C)no goals at all.
D)specific hard goals.

Question 57

Which of the following describes task identity according to the job characteristics model (JCM)?

A)The degree to which the employee receives information concerning performance.
B)The degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.
C)The degree to which the job provides independence.
D)The degree to which the job requires a variety of different activities.

Question 58

In equity theory,individuals assess the:

A)quantity-quality trade-off.
B)cost-benefit ratio.
C)efficiency-effectiveness trade-off.
D)job input and outcomes of others.

Question 59

The core dimensions of the JCM can be combined into a single predictive index called the:

A)motivating potential score.
B)JCM score.
C)core dimensions variable.
D)growth-need score.

Question 60

Which of the following statements about flexitime is FALSE?

A)Flexitime tends to reduce absenteeism.
B)It frequently improves worker productivity.
C)Flexitime suits every job.
D)There is a strong perceived benefit that helps improve work-life balance.

Question 61

As the compensation manager for a large manufacturer,Tony has been asked to restructure the reward systems in his organisation.Employees have suggested,more than once,that the current reward system is rather unfair for many employees.They've suggested that there are huge variations in performance levels for each role but employees still get the same pay. If Tony wanted to address this problem,he might consider:

A)employee share-ownership plans.
B)piece-rate pay.
C)profit-sharing.
D)bonuses.

Question 62

Define motivation,clearly explaining the three components of motivation.

Question 63

An employee who __________ is paid according to a piece-rate plan.

A)is compensated two dollars for each unit produced
B)performs community services
C)is on commission
D)is paid time and a half for overtime

Question 64

Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 65

Organisation-wide programs that distribute compensation based on some established formula designed around a company's profitability are called:

A)gainsharing.
B)profit-sharing plans.
C)variable pay.
D)ESOPs.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a downside to merit-based pay?

A)Merit pay is determined by the annual performance appraisal and is therefore only as valid as the employee's performance rating.
B)Employee compensation is impacted by economic and other marketplace conditions,not individual performance.
C)Merit pay plans face resistance from unions.
D)Seniority determines employee compensation.

Question 67

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory,how might a manager promote job satisfaction among employees?

Question 68

Research studies conducted on the participation-performance relationship show that the use of participation:

A)greatly influences employee attitudes.
B)greatly enhances job satisfaction.
C)significantly increases motivation.
D)has only a modest influence on employee productivity.

Question 69

Historical performance is the basis for rewarding an employee for which of the following plans?

A)bonus pay
B)piece-rate pay
C)profit-sharing
D)merit-based pay

Question 70

You have determined that you must redesign several of the routine assembly line jobs in your department.You are familiar with several options.Joe's job involves putting the two right wheels on every automobile on the assembly line.Sam's job involves putting on the right-side doors. To offer Joe flexitime,which of the following might be considered?

A)Have Joe take on the supervisor's responsibility of checking the quality of the wheels before he installs them.
B)Have Joe put the two left wheels on each automobile with the two right wheels.
C)Have Joe put only one right wheel on each automobile.
D)None of the above.

Question 71

What kinds of jobs suit telecommuting?

A)routine information-handling tasks
B)mobile activities
C)professional and other knowledge-related tasks
D)all of the above

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT an example of employee involvement?

A)participative management
B)variable pay programs
C)representative participation
D)none of the above

Question 73

Participative management is a method of management in which:

A)subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate supervisors.
B)subordinates make corporate decisions and management helps carry out those decisions.
C)low-level workers meet occasionally with the CEO to discuss problems within their department.
D)all upper management employees participate in the organisation's strategic planning.

Question 74

A compensation manager,Tammy,has the task of restructuring Acme Widget's reward systems.Workers are frustrated with the current system.They feel it is unfair because,although different jobs have different duties and performance requirements,all workers are paid the same. Workers also complain that some employees take twice as long to complete the same task.With this in mind,Tammy might want to consider:

A)employee-share options.
B)one-time bonuses.
C)profit-sharing.
D)merit-based pay.

Question 75

A compensation manager,Tammy,has the task of restructuring Acme Widget's reward systems.Employees are frustrated with the current system.They feel it is unfair because,although different jobs have different duties and performance requirements,all workers are paid the same. To address this problem,Tammy might consider:

A)employee share-ownership plans.
B)one-time small bonuses.
C)piece-rate pay.
D)employee profit-sharing.

Question 76

Almost every country in Western Europe requires companies to practice:

A)MBO.
B)quality circles.
C)OB Mod.
D)representative participation.

Question 77

The distinct characteristic common to all participative management programs is the use of:

A)flexible benefits.
B)joint decision making.
C)increased compensation.
D)all of the above.

Question 78

________ has/have been called 'the most widely legislated form of employee involvement around the world'.

A)Quality circles
B)MBO
C)OB Mod
D)Representative participation

Question 79

Which of the following are all forms of variable-pay programs?

A)piece-rate pay,merit-based pay and bonus plans
B)wage incentive plans,flexitime and piece-rate pay
C)retirement benefits,extended holidays and wage incentive plans
D)profit-sharing,lump-sum bonuses and extended holidays

Question 80

A participative process that uses the input of employees and is intended to increase employee commitment to an organisation's success is known as:

A)MBO.
B)OB Mod.
C)re-engineering.
D)employee involvement.