Deck 4: Energy and Metabolism

Question 1

What is the most likely source of various hangover symptoms?

A) acetate
B) acetaldehyde
C) ethanol
D) alcohol dehydrogenase
E) carbon dioxide

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A cow converts the energy of glucose into the energy of ATP.What happens to most of the energy in that conversion?

A) it remains with the glucose- it can't be extracted.
B) it is lost as heat energy.
C) it is within the ATP molecule.
D) it is recycled back into glucose.
E) more than one of these is possible.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following occurs with alcohol induced cirrhosis of the liver?

A) the production of albumin, important for solute balance, stops
B) toxins accumulate in the brain
C) blood flow is restricted
D) a 50% chance of death within 10 years of onset
E) all of these occur with alcohol induced cirrhosis of the liver

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The following statements are all true about energy except one.Choose the exception.

A) Energy is captured by heterotrophs.
B) Energy is not recycled.
C) Energy is the ability to do work.
D) Energy has a tendency to disperse.
E) Energy can be transferred from one form to another.

Question 5

The enzyme that breaks down ethanol is alcohol

A) dehydrogenase.
B) oxidase.
C) peroxidase.
D) catalase.
E) protease.

Question 6

Which of the human organs is responsible for breaking down ethanol and other toxins?

A) stomach
B) liver
C) small intestine
D) pancreas
E) spleen

Question 7

Which of the following is most toxic?

A) alcohol dehydrogenase
B) ethanol
C) acetaldehyde
D) acetate
E) carbon dioxide

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT true about overactive alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)?

A) the effects are the same as the effects of underactive ALDH
B) people with overactive ADH can handle only small amounts of alcohol
C) it causes an excess accumulation of acetaldehyde
D) it is common in people of Asian descent
E) people with overactive ADH are more likely to become alcoholics

Question 9

In order to survive,heterotrophs must

A) harvest the heat energy that is lost in energy conversions.
B) recycle energy from our metabolic reactions.
C) constantly take in energy rich foods.
D) harvest energy from sunlight.
E) convert low energy molecules into high energy molecules.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about energy?

A) Energy is the capacity to do work.
B) It can be created using nuclear reactors.
C) It can be created using a windmill.
D) It can be created using biofuels.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 11

Energy

A) cannot be created.
B) cannot be destroyed.
C) cannot be created or destroyed.
D) can be created, but it cannot be destroyed.
E) can be created, and it can be destroyed.

Question 12

What reaction does the enzyme ALDH catalyze?

A) ethanol to acetaldehyde
B) acetaldehyde to acetate
C) acetate to acetaldehyde
D) acetaldehyde to ethanol
E) ethanol to acetate

Question 13

Which statement is TRUE?

A) The laws of thermodynamics do not apply to living organisms.
B) Producers in ecosystems have the highest concentrations of energy.
C) The energy available to do cellular work will exist forever.
D) The amount of energy available to consumers is more than that available to producers.
E) When plants trap energy, they convert it into light.

Question 14

Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to

A) acetaldehyde.
B) acetate.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) acetate and acetaldehyde.
E) acetate and carbon dioxide.

Question 15

The second law of thermodynamics implies that

A) energy can be transformed into matter, and because of this, we can get something for nothing.
B) energy can be destroyed during nuclear reactions.
C) if energy is gained by one region of the universe, another place in the universe must also gain energy in order to maintain the balance of nature.
D) energy that is available to do work in the universe is decreasing.
E) energy can be created out of nothing.

Question 16

Why do heavy consumers of alcohol gain weight?

A) alcohol contains an excessive amount of calories
B) ethanol is converted directly to fat molecules
C) oxygen is diverted from breaking down fatty acids to break down ethanol
D) ethanol inhibits the action of peroxisomes which work to break down fatty acids
E) the hydroxyl group on ethanol is transferred to fatty acids causing them to be stored as fat

Question 17

Which of the following is a risk factor associated with heavy consumption of alcohol?

A) weight gain
B) alcoholic hepatitis
C) cirrhosis
D) liver failure
E) all of these are risk factors associated with heavy consumption of alcohol

Question 18

The second law of thermodynamics holds that

A) the energy of the universe is a constant.
B) energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
C) energy disperses spontaneously.
D) energy transformations create a more orderly universe.
E) energy and matter are the same thing.

Question 19

In the conversion of electrical energy to light energy in a light bulb,how much is lost as heat energy?

A) 5 percent
B) 15 percent
C) 55 percent
D) 75 percent
E) 95 percent

Question 20

Which of the following statements is NOT related to the first law of thermodynamics?

A) energy flow is from a high concentration to a low concentration.
B) the amount of energy in the universe is constant.
C) energy cannot be created or destroyed.
D) energy can change from one source to another.
E) the energy of the universe has existed forever.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about enzymes?

A) Most enzymes are proteins.
B) Enzymes speed up reactions that are intended to happen anyway.
C) Enzymes do not change the output of a reaction.
D) Enzymes can perform over and over.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) The products of a reaction can have less energy than the reactants.
B) The products of a reaction can have more energy than the reactants.
C) Reversible reactions tend to approach equilibrium.
D) Many reactions are reversible.
E) All of these are true.

Question 23

Which of the following is TRUE about energy releasing chemical reactions?

A) they all require ATP to proceed.
B) the activation energy required is greater than for energy requiring chemical reactions
C) the reactants have more energy than the products
D) the reactants have the same amount of energy as the products
E) the reactants have less energy than the products

Question 24

An orderly sequence of reactions with specific enzyme-mediated reactions occurring at each step is the definition of

A) energy carriers.
B) metabolic pathways.
C) the induced-fit model.
D) intermediary compounds.
E) activation.

Question 25

Substances that enter a reaction are termed

A) intermediates.
B) enzymes.
C) energy carriers.
D) reactants.
E) end products.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about the nature of enzymes?

A) All enzymes are proteins.
B) Most enzymes are RNAs.
C) Some enzymes are carbohydrates.
D) Most enzymes are proteins, but some are RNAs.
E) Most enzymes are proteins, but some are carbohydrates.

Question 27

Enzymes speed up reactions by

A) lowering activation energy.
B) adding some energy to the system.
C) increasing activation energy.
D) lowering activation energy and adding some energy to the system.
E) doing all of these.

Question 28

ADH Reaction
Consider the reaction below,and answer the following question(s).ADH stands for alcohol dehydrogenase.

In this reaction,ethanol represents the

A) enzyme.
B) substrate.
C) product.
D) activation energy.
E) trigger.

Question 29

ADH Reaction
Consider the reaction below,and answer the following question(s).ADH stands for alcohol dehydrogenase.

In this reaction,acetaldehyde represents the

A) enzyme.
B) substrate.
C) product.
D) activation energy.
E) trigger.

Question 30

Which is true about guncotton?

A) it is a highly explosive derivative of cholesterol.
B) it is used to make gunpowder.
C) it is less stable than gunpowder
D) it has a higher activation energy for a reaction with oxygen than gunpowder
E) more than one of these is correct.

Question 31

ADH Reaction
Consider the reaction below,and answer the following question(s).ADH stands for alcohol dehydrogenase.

In this reaction,ADH represents the

A) enzyme.
B) substrate.
C) product.
D) activation energy.
E) trigger.

Question 32

Energy inputs and outputs in chemical reactions are explained by

A) the first law of thermodynamics.
B) the second law of thermodynamics.
C) the cell theory.
D) the theory of evolution.
E) the big bang theory.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is FALSE about energy in molecules?

A) Chemical bonds in molecules contain energy.
B) Reactants always have less energy than products.
C) Some molecules contain more energy than others.
D) Molecules release energy when they react with oxygen.
E) When broken, chemical bonds release energy.

Question 34

The fact that the earth does not go up in flames in spite of the richness of oxygen in our environment is related to which of the following concepts?

A) the activation energy needed to break bonds.
B) the fact that reactants always have less energy than products.
C) the first law of thermodynmics.
D) the second law of thermodynamics.
E) the abundance of water in our atmosphere which inhibits combustion.

Question 35

Metabolism involves

A) the capacity of the cell to acquire energy.
B) cellular processes used in accumulation of materials.
C) reactions that break apart nutrients.
D) disposal of material.
E) all of these.

Question 36

The minimum amount of energy needed to get a chemical reaction started is called the ___ energy.

A) activation
B) reaction
C) enzymatic
D) chemical
E) triggering

Question 37

ATP is called the "energy currency" of the cell because it

A) looks like money.
B) accumulates in the body and is stored for emergency use.
C) can be made into nucleic acids.
D) can be reused when it is energized during phosphorylation.
E) is never out-of-date.

Question 38

Examine the figure above and answer the following question(s).
In the figure above,the amount of energy symbolized by the line "A" would be the

A) reactant energy.
B) product energy.
C) cofactor energy.
D) activation energy.
E) intermediate energy.

Question 39

ATP contains

A) alanine.
B) arginine.
C) phosphate.
D) tyrosine.
E) glucose.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT true of enzyme behavior?

A) Enzyme shape may change during catalysis.
B) The active site of an enzyme orients its substrate molecules, thereby promoting interaction of their reactive parts.
C) All enzymes have an active site where substrates are temporarily bound.
D) Each enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions.
E) Enzymes make reactions occur at a faster rate.

Question 41

A substrate is another term for a(an)

A) enzyme.
B) product.
C) reactant.
D) active site.
E) cofactors.

Question 42

What happens to a molecule when it is phosphorylated?

A) it loses energy.
B) it receives a phosphate group.
C) it becomes denatured.
D) it loses electrons and protons.
E) more than one of these happen when a molecule is phosphorylated.

Question 43

A metabolic reaction will most likely reverse itself under which of the following circumstances?

A) when the pH is too high.
B) when the temperature is too low.
C) when the reactant concentration is too high.
D) when the product concentration is too high.
E) when the enzyme concentration is too high.

Question 44

Which of the following occurs in the feedback inhibition?

A) Coenzymes block enzyme activity.
B) Products of metabolic reactions block enzyme activity.
C) NADH is altered in electron transport chains.
D) ADP is phosphorylated.
E) More than one of these occurs in feedback inhibition.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT true regarding coenzymes?

A) they are cofactors.
B) ATP is an example of a coenzyme.
C) NaCl is an example of a coenzyme.
D) They are often modified in chemical reactions.
E) They may carry electrons.

Question 46

Oxygen,carbon dioxide,as well as other small molecules,cross the plasma membrane through the process(es)of

A) diffusion.
B) osmosis.
C) endocytosis and exocytosis.
D) active transport.
E) facilitated diffusion.

Question 47

An enzyme's specificity is based on

A) the shape of its active site.
B) the amount of activation energy it requires.
C) the number of amino acids in its structure.
D) the nature of its cofactors.
E) none of these.

Question 48

What is trypsin?

A) an enzyme in the small intestine that digests proteins.
B) an enzyme in the stomach that digests protein.
C) an enzyme in the oral cavity that digests starch.
D) an enzyme in the small intestine that digests starch.
E) an enzyme in the liver that breaks down toxins.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about blood cells in solutions is CORRECT?

A) A blood cell placed in an isotonic solution will swell.
B) A blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell.
C) A blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution will shrink.
D) A blood cell placed in an isotonic solution will shrink.
E) A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will remain the same size.

Question 50

Which of the following can affect enzyme activity?

A) temperature change
B) pH change
C) changes in salt concentrations
D) regulatory molecules
E) all of these

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT true regarding coenzymes?

A) NAD+ is an example of a coenzyme.
B) Coenzymes may carry electrons.
C) Coenzymes may be bound to an enzyme.
D) Coenzymes may act as a separate molecule.
E) Coenzymes are metal ions.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about osmosis and plant cells?

A) Water tends to diffuse from soil into young plant cells, thus creating an osmotic pressure.
B) Turgor pushes against the cell walls from the outside, so it keeps the cells plump.
C) If the concentration of solutes becomes higher in the soil than in plant cells, water molecules will tend to diffuse out of plant cells.
D) The cytoplasm of plant cells would typically contain more solutes than soil water.
E) Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across the plasma membrane of plant cells.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

A) A solvent will diffuse from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution.
B) A solvent will diffuse from a hypertonic solution to a hypotonic solution.
C) The concentration of the solute is greater in a hypotonic solution than in a hypertonic solution.
D) A solvent will experience net flow between two isotonic solutions.
E) Osmosis only occurs when both solutions separated by a membrane are hypertonic.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A) Enzymes remain unchanged after a reaction.
B) Like enzymes, many coenzymes remain unchanged after a reaction.
C) Cofactors are atoms or molecules other than proteins that interact with enzymes.
D) Coenzymes are organic molecules that interact with enzymes.
E) Activity of enzymes may also be affected by the concentration of salt.

Question 55

At what pH does pepsin denature?

A) above 2.5
B) above 3.5
C) above 4.5
D) above 5.5
E) below 2.5

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT true about enzymatic regulatory molecules?

A) they allow an enzyme to catalyze many, diverse reactions.
B) they may cause the enzyme to change its overall shape.
C) they may enhance the activity of an enzyme.
D) they may inhibit the activity of an enzyme.
E) they may bind directly to an enzyme's active site.

Question 57

Pepsin is an enzyme that functions in the stomach.Its optimum pH would be

A) between 1 and 2.
B) between 3 and 4.
C) above 6.
D) between 5 and 7.5.
E) above 8.5.

Question 58

A concentration gradient ceases to exist when

A) all molecules have moved from low concentration to high concentration.
B) the membrane pores close.
C) the temperature drops.
D) there is equilibrium between the two sides of a membrane.
E) bulk flow intervenes.

Question 59

What happens in an electron transport chain?

A) Electrons move from a low energy level to a higher energy level.
B) Electron movement generates energy which can be harvested.
C) Electrons combine with hydrogen ions to generate electron carriers, like NADH.
D) Energy is consumed.
E) The energy generated is used to break down coenzymes like NADH and ATP.

Question 60

What is the role of pepsin?

A) it begins protein digestion in the stomach.
B) it begins starch digestion in the oral cavity.
C) it begins lipid digestion in the small intestine.
D) it is a cofactor in enzymes that break down toxins.
E) it is a cofactor in enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide.

Question 61

The net direction that an ion or molecule moves is

A) dependent upon the size of the molecule.
B) unpredictable because the movement is random.
C) the result of concentration differences.
D) controlled by the temperature of the medium.
E) controlled by the membranes in the vicinity.

Question 62

Movement of substances that requires the expenditure of ATP molecules is

A) facilitated diffusion.
B) simple diffusion.
C) active transport.
D) osmosis.
E) bulk flow.

Question 63

Passive molecular diffusion occurs when

A) the energy of ATP is added.
B) random collisions between molecules occurs.
C) there are variations in molecular sizes.
D) enzymes catalyze their movement.
E) none of these things occur.

Question 64

Water stops diffusing into a plant cell from the soil when

A) turgor pressure inside the plant cell decreases.
B) turgor pressure between the plant cell and soil is equal.
C) turgor pressure inside a plant cell is at a maximum.
D) there is no turgor pressure inside the cell or within the soil.
E) more than one of these situations exist.

Question 65

Diffusion from a hypertonic solution to a hypotonic solution

A) will occur until both solutions are isotonic.
B) will occur until both sides are hypotonic.
C) will occur until both sides are hypertonic.
D) will occur until the tonicities are reversed.
E) won't occur.

Question 66

Once glucose has entered a cell,what prevents it from diffusing back out of the cell?

A) glucose pumps actively pump it back
B) one side of the cell membrane is permeable to glucose, but the other side is not
C) glucose inhibitors attach to glucose once it's in the cell
D) glucose is phosphorylated preventing it from leaving the cell
E) glucose is hydrolyzed into two three-carbon molecules that cannot diffuse in a reverse direction

Question 67

Tonicity refers to

A) the total concentration of solutes in fluids separated by a selectively permeable membrane.
B) the pressure exerted by the fluids surrounding a cell.
C) the amount of negative versus positive charges of the molecules and ions in a solution.
D) how able a cell is to resist changes in solute concentrations without bursting or shrinking.
E) the ease with which solutes can cross a particular cell membrane.

Question 68

Wilting of a plant occurs

A) if the plant is placed in an isotonic solution.
B) if there is a rise in turgor pressure.
C) as a result of facilitated diffusion.
D) if the plant is placed in a hypertonic solution.
E) if the plant is placed in a hypotonic solution.

Question 69

The sodium-potassium pump is used in

A) facilitated diffusion.
B) simple diffusion.
C) active transport.
D) osmosis.
E) bulk flow.

Question 70

If a single-celled freshwater organism such as a protistan is transferred to saltwater,which of the following is likely to happen?

A) The cell bursts.
B) The cell shrinks.
C) Salt is pumped out of the cell.
D) Enzymes flow out of the cell.
E) There is no effect.

Question 71

The rate of diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane will be slow when which of the following is (are)true?

A) I only
B) II only
C) I and III
D) II and III
E) I, II, and III

Question 72

Which of the following solutions has the potential to diffuse the fastest?

A) one with large molecules as opposed to smaller ones
B) one with a higher concentration of molecules as opposed to one with a lesser concentration
C) one under low pressure as opposed to one under high pressure
D) one at a low temperature as opposed to one at a higher temperature
E) all of these have the potential to diffuse equally fast

Question 73

Unlike plants,fungi,and bacteria,animal cells cannot resist volume increases in hypotonic environments.This is because unlike those other organisms,animal cells

A) do not have central vacuoles.
B) do not have cell walls.
C) do not have pumps that can actively pump out excess fluid.
D) are smaller than those other cells and thus cannot handle large increases in volume.
E) have relatively more solutes.

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT a type of transport protein involved in passive transport?

A) a glucose transporter
B) an open channel
C) a gated channel
D) an ion pump
E) more than one of these

Question 75

Osmotic pressure is to a plant cell as ___ is to a ___.

A) air; balloon
B) water; water glass
C) fire; campfire
D) wind; windmill
E) dirt; vacuum cleaner

Question 76

The amount of turgor that is enough to stop osmosis is called

A) the wilting point.
B) osmotic pressure.
C) hypotonicity.
D) expansion pressure.
E) hypertonicity.

Question 77

Osmosis involves

A) the movement of a solvent, like water.
B) differences in solute concentrations.
C) movement from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions.
D) all of these exceptd.

Question 78

In passive transport,the movement of a small,nonpolar molecule across a cell membrane depends on

A) adequate amounts of ATP.
B) a concentration gradient.
C) adequate ATP and a concentration gradient
D) the proper transport protein.
E) gated channels.

Question 79

To engulf a bacterium,a white blood cell would use

A) facilitated diffusion
B) osmosis
C) phagocytosis
D) exocytosis
E) sodium-potassium pumps

Question 80

A red blood cell may burst when placed in which of the following kinds of solutions?

A) hypertonic
B) hypotonic
C) isotonic
D) any of these
E) none of these