Deck 1: Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Blood flows from the left atrium through the _____ valve into the left ventricle.

A) mitral
B) aortic
C) pulmonic
D) tricuspid

Answer 1

A
Blood flows from the left atrium through the mitral (bicuspid)valve into the left ventricle.

Question 2

Blood pressure is the result of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance.

Answer 2

True
Blood pressure is equal to cardiac output multiplied by peripheral vascular resistance.Blood pressure is the force exerted by the circulating blood volume on the walls of the arteries.Peripheral vascular resistance is the resistance to the flow of blood determined by blood vessel diameter and the tone of the vascular musculature.

Question 3

Blood flows from the right atrium through the _____ valve into the right ventricle.

A) mitral
B) aortic
C) pulmonic
D) tricuspid

Answer 3

D
Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

Question 4

Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors results in _____.

A) increased heart rate
B) peripheral vasoconstriction
C) constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
D) increased force of myocardial contraction

Question 5

The right atrium receives venous blood from the head,neck,and thorax via the _____,from the remainder of the body via the _____,and from the heart via the _____.

A) coronary sinus; superior vena cava; inferior vena cava
B) superior vena cava; coronary sinus; inferior vena cava
C) inferior vena cava; superior vena cava; coronary sinus
D) superior vena cava; inferior vena cava; coronary sinus

Question 6

The heart is divided into _____ chambers but functions as a _____-sided pump.

A) two; four
B) three; two
C) four; two
D) four; three

Question 7

The thick,muscular middle layer of the heart wall that contains the atrial and ventricular muscle fibers necessary for contraction is the _____.

A) epicardium
B) pericardium
C) myocardium
D) endocardium

Question 8

Rapid ejection of blood from the ventricular chambers of the heart occurs because the _____ and _____ valves open.

A) pulmonic; aortic
B) tricuspid; mitral
C) pulmonic; mitral
D) tricuspid; aortic

Question 9

Which of the following are semilunar valves?

A) Aortic and pulmonic
B) Aortic and tricuspid
C) Pulmonic and mitral
D) Tricuspid and mitral

Question 10

Which side of the heart is a low-pressure system that pumps venous blood to the lungs?

A) Left
B) Right

Question 11

Blood pressure is determined by _____ multiplied by _____.

A) stroke volume; heart rate
B) heart rate; cardiac output
C) cardiac output; peripheral vascular resistance
D) stroke volume; peripheral vascular resistance

Question 12

The base of the heart is found at approximately the level of the _____ rib(s).

A) first
B) second
C) fourth
D) fifth and sixth

Question 13

The anterior surface of the heart consists primarily of the _____.

A) left atrium
B) right atrium
C) left ventricle
D) right ventricle

Question 14

Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptor sites will result in peripheral vasoconstriction.

Question 15

The left atrium receives blood from the _____.

A) pulmonary veins
B) aorta
C) pulmonary arteries
D) inferior vena cava

Question 16

Which side of the heart is a high-pressure system that pumps arterial blood to the systemic circulation?

A) Left
B) Right

Question 17

The primary neurotransmitters of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system are _____.

A) dopamine and acetylcholine
B) muscarine and norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine and epinephrine
D) norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 18

The right ventricle expels blood through the _____ valve into the pulmonary trunk.

A) mitral
B) aortic
C) pulmonic
D) tricuspid

Question 19

Blood leaves the left ventricle through the _____ valve to the aorta and its branches and is distributed throughout the body.

A) mitral
B) aortic
C) pulmonic
D) tricuspid

Question 20

The apex of the heart is formed by the _____.

A) tip of the left ventricle
B) tip of the right atrium
C) right atrium and right ventricle
D) left atrium and left ventricle

Question 21

The _____ are the heart chambers that pump blood.

Question 22

The _____ artery supplies the right atrium and ventricle with blood.

A) right coronary
B) left main coronary
C) left circumflex
D) left anterior descending

Question 23

The _____ are the heart chambers that receive blood.

Question 24

MATCHING
a._____ in myocardial cells function as electrical connections and allow the cells to conduct electrical impulses very rapidly.
b.Typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation
c.Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure
d.The _____ septum separates the right and left atria.
e.Electrolyte very important in cardiac muscle contraction.
f.A negative _____ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate.
g.Space between the lungs that contains the heart,great vessels,trachea,and esophagus,among other structures
h.Pulmonary arteries and veins,aorta,superior and inferior vena cavae
i.Term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery
j.Amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation
k.Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH),oxygen,and carbon dioxide in the blood
l.A buildup of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause cardiac _____.
Chronotropic

Question 25

__________ is the period during which a heart chamber is contracting and blood is being ejected.

Question 26

MATCHING
a._____ in myocardial cells function as electrical connections and allow the cells to conduct electrical impulses very rapidly.
b.Typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation
c.Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure
d.The _____ septum separates the right and left atria.
e.Electrolyte very important in cardiac muscle contraction.
f.A negative _____ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate.
g.Space between the lungs that contains the heart,great vessels,trachea,and esophagus,among other structures
h.Pulmonary arteries and veins,aorta,superior and inferior vena cavae
i.Term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery
j.Amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation
k.Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH),oxygen,and carbon dioxide in the blood
l.A buildup of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause cardiac _____.
Great vessels

Question 27

The left main coronary artery divides into the _____ branches.

A) marginal and circumflex
B) marginal and anterior descending
C) anterior and posterior descending
D) anterior descending and circumflex

Question 28

Stimulation of beta? receptor sites results in _____.

A) increased heart rate
B) peripheral vasoconstriction
C) constriction of renal blood vessels
D) relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

Question 29

The inferior surface of the heart is also called the _____ surface.

Question 30

The primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is _____.

A) dopamine
B) muscarine
C) acetylcholine
D) norepinephrine

Question 31

MATCHING
a._____ in myocardial cells function as electrical connections and allow the cells to conduct electrical impulses very rapidly.
b.Typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation
c.Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure
d.The _____ septum separates the right and left atria.
e.Electrolyte very important in cardiac muscle contraction.
f.A negative _____ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate.
g.Space between the lungs that contains the heart,great vessels,trachea,and esophagus,among other structures
h.Pulmonary arteries and veins,aorta,superior and inferior vena cavae
i.Term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery
j.Amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation
k.Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH),oxygen,and carbon dioxide in the blood
l.A buildup of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause cardiac _____.
Tamponade

Question 32

The tricuspid valve is _____.

A) a semilunar valve
B) located between the left ventricle and aorta
C) located between the right atrium and right ventricle
D) located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Question 33

Complete occlusion of the _____ coronary artery,also referred to as the widow maker,usually results in sudden death.

A) right
B) left main
C) circumflex
D) left anterior descending

Question 34

The thick,muscular middle layer of the heart wall that contains the atrial and ventricular muscle fibers necessary for contraction is the __________.

Question 35

When the left ventricle contracts,freshly oxygenated blood flows through the _____ valve into the _____.

A) aortic; aorta
B) mitral; right atrium
C) tricuspid; right ventricle
D) pulmonic; pulmonary arteries

Question 36

MATCHING
a._____ in myocardial cells function as electrical connections and allow the cells to conduct electrical impulses very rapidly.
b.Typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation
c.Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure
d.The _____ septum separates the right and left atria.
e.Electrolyte very important in cardiac muscle contraction.
f.A negative _____ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate.
g.Space between the lungs that contains the heart,great vessels,trachea,and esophagus,among other structures
h.Pulmonary arteries and veins,aorta,superior and inferior vena cavae
i.Term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery
j.Amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation
k.Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH),oxygen,and carbon dioxide in the blood
l.A buildup of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause cardiac _____.
Acute coronary syndromes

Question 37

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the _____ _____ _____ (which carries blood from the head and upper extremities),the _____ _____ _____ (which carries blood from the lower body),and the _____ _____ (which receives blood from the intracardiac circulation).

Question 38

Chronotropy refers to an effect on _____.

A) heart rate
B) force of contraction
C) bronchial smooth muscle
D) speed of conduction through the atrioventricular node

Question 39

_____ is the period of relaxation during which a heart chamber is filling.

Question 40

Thin strands of fibrous connective tissue extend from the atrioventricular (AV)valves to the papillary muscles and prevent the AV valves from bulging back into the atria during ventricular systole.These strands are called _____.

A) cardiac cilia
B) Purkinje fibers
C) papillary muscles
D) chordae tendineae

Question 41

MATCHING
a._____ in myocardial cells function as electrical connections and allow the cells to conduct electrical impulses very rapidly.
b.Typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation
c.Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure
d.The _____ septum separates the right and left atria.
e.Electrolyte very important in cardiac muscle contraction.
f.A negative _____ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate.
g.Space between the lungs that contains the heart,great vessels,trachea,and esophagus,among other structures
h.Pulmonary arteries and veins,aorta,superior and inferior vena cavae
i.Term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery
j.Amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation
k.Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH),oxygen,and carbon dioxide in the blood
l.A buildup of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause cardiac _____.
Calcium

Question 42

What factors affect afterload?

Question 43

MATCHING
a._____ in myocardial cells function as electrical connections and allow the cells to conduct electrical impulses very rapidly.
b.Typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation
c.Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure
d.The _____ septum separates the right and left atria.
e.Electrolyte very important in cardiac muscle contraction.
f.A negative _____ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate.
g.Space between the lungs that contains the heart,great vessels,trachea,and esophagus,among other structures
h.Pulmonary arteries and veins,aorta,superior and inferior vena cavae
i.Term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery
j.Amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation
k.Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH),oxygen,and carbon dioxide in the blood
l.A buildup of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause cardiac _____.
Chemoreceptors

Question 44

Explain the Frank-Starling law of the heart.

Question 45

Define atrial kick.

Question 46

MATCHING
a._____ in myocardial cells function as electrical connections and allow the cells to conduct electrical impulses very rapidly.
b.Typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation
c.Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure
d.The _____ septum separates the right and left atria.
e.Electrolyte very important in cardiac muscle contraction.
f.A negative _____ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate.
g.Space between the lungs that contains the heart,great vessels,trachea,and esophagus,among other structures
h.Pulmonary arteries and veins,aorta,superior and inferior vena cavae
i.Term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery
j.Amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation
k.Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH),oxygen,and carbon dioxide in the blood
l.A buildup of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause cardiac _____.
Myocardial ischemia

Question 47

MATCHING
a._____ in myocardial cells function as electrical connections and allow the cells to conduct electrical impulses very rapidly.
b.Typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation
c.Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure
d.The _____ septum separates the right and left atria.
e.Electrolyte very important in cardiac muscle contraction.
f.A negative _____ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate.
g.Space between the lungs that contains the heart,great vessels,trachea,and esophagus,among other structures
h.Pulmonary arteries and veins,aorta,superior and inferior vena cavae
i.Term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery
j.Amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation
k.Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH),oxygen,and carbon dioxide in the blood
l.A buildup of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause cardiac _____.
Interatrial

Question 48

What effects can be expected from sympathetic stimulation of the heart?

Question 49

What is meant by the term ejection fraction?

Question 50

Name the valve that separates the right ventricle from the right atrium.

Question 51

MATCHING
a._____ in myocardial cells function as electrical connections and allow the cells to conduct electrical impulses very rapidly.
b.Typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation
c.Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure
d.The _____ septum separates the right and left atria.
e.Electrolyte very important in cardiac muscle contraction.
f.A negative _____ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate.
g.Space between the lungs that contains the heart,great vessels,trachea,and esophagus,among other structures
h.Pulmonary arteries and veins,aorta,superior and inferior vena cavae
i.Term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery
j.Amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation
k.Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH),oxygen,and carbon dioxide in the blood
l.A buildup of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause cardiac _____.
Gap junctions

Question 52

List three types of sympathetic (adrenergic)receptor sites.

Question 53

MATCHING
a._____ in myocardial cells function as electrical connections and allow the cells to conduct electrical impulses very rapidly.
b.Typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation
c.Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure
d.The _____ septum separates the right and left atria.
e.Electrolyte very important in cardiac muscle contraction.
f.A negative _____ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate.
g.Space between the lungs that contains the heart,great vessels,trachea,and esophagus,among other structures
h.Pulmonary arteries and veins,aorta,superior and inferior vena cavae
i.Term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery
j.Amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation
k.Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH),oxygen,and carbon dioxide in the blood
l.A buildup of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause cardiac _____.
Venous return

Question 54

List two factors that may affect the heart's efficiency as a pump.

Question 55

Define systole.

Question 56

A patient has a heart rate of 80 beats/min.His stroke volume is 70 mL/beat.Is his cardiac output normal,decreased,or increased?

Question 57

The right atrium receives blood low in oxygen from three vessels.Name them.

Question 58

MATCHING
a._____ in myocardial cells function as electrical connections and allow the cells to conduct electrical impulses very rapidly.
b.Typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation
c.Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure
d.The _____ septum separates the right and left atria.
e.Electrolyte very important in cardiac muscle contraction.
f.A negative _____ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate.
g.Space between the lungs that contains the heart,great vessels,trachea,and esophagus,among other structures
h.Pulmonary arteries and veins,aorta,superior and inferior vena cavae
i.Term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery
j.Amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation
k.Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH),oxygen,and carbon dioxide in the blood
l.A buildup of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause cardiac _____.
Mediastinum

Question 59

Briefly describe parasympathetic innervation of the heart.

Question 60

MATCHING
a._____ in myocardial cells function as electrical connections and allow the cells to conduct electrical impulses very rapidly.
b.Typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation
c.Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure
d.The _____ septum separates the right and left atria.
e.Electrolyte very important in cardiac muscle contraction.
f.A negative _____ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate.
g.Space between the lungs that contains the heart,great vessels,trachea,and esophagus,among other structures
h.Pulmonary arteries and veins,aorta,superior and inferior vena cavae
i.Term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery
j.Amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation
k.Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH),oxygen,and carbon dioxide in the blood
l.A buildup of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause cardiac _____.
Baroreceptors

Question 61

Name the two main branches of the left coronary artery.

Question 62

Your patient is a 62-year-old woman complaining of a "racing heart." Your examination of the patient reveals a pulse rate of 192 beats/min.Briefly explain why recognition of a rapid heart rate is important when providing patient care.

Question 63

Describe the function of the right atrium of the heart.

Question 64

List six of the signs and symptoms of decreased cardiac output.

Question 65

What effects can be expected from parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?

Question 66

What factors affect stroke volume?