Deck 1: The People and the Field

Question 1

Built-in temperamental tendencies may cause people to act in specific ways.The term for this nature/nurture interaction is:

A)evocative forces.
B)unidirectional forces.
C)latent forces.
D)heritability.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Behaviorists emphasize the crucial role of _____ on behavior.

A)environmental influences
B)genetic influences
C)cognitive processes
D)normative and non-normative influences

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A culture that values social harmony over individual achievement is called:

A)collectivist.
B)individualistic.
C)developed.
D)developing.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A potential bias of the longitudinal Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study,conducted in 1972-1973,lies with:

A)infants.
B)researchers.
C)parents.
D)teachers.

Question 5

Developmentalists seek to understand all of the following EXCEPT:

A)the universal and predictable ways in which a person develops.
B)individual differences in human development.
C)the impact of life transitions.
D)the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness.

Question 6

Cognitive behaviorists/social learning theorists place primary emphasis on:

A)learning through observation.
B)attachment theory.
C)genetics.
D)the use of operant conditioning.

Question 7

Two of the major areas comprising the study of lifespan development include _____ and _____.

A)phrenology;phenomenology
B)philosophy;child development
C)gerontology;chemistry
D)child development;gerontology

Question 8

A person's "fifty-fifty" chance at birth of living to a given age is called:

A)medium lifespan.
B)average life expectancy.
C)the twentieth-century life expectancy revolution.
D)maximum lifespan.

Question 9

Dr.Immaculata tests groups of people and uses numerical scales and statistics.She is conducting:

A)interview research.
B)naturalistic observation.
C)qualitative research.
D)quantitative research.

Question 10

Which person is undergoing a normative transition in the United States in 2015?

A)Michael,who is entering law school at the age of 58
B)George,who is getting married for the third time at the age of 24
C)Melinda,who is getting married for the first time at the age of 25
D)Therese,who is having her first child at the age of 16

Question 11

Cassie is conducting a study of the relationship between depression and anxiety.Cassie is performing _____ research.

A)experimental
B)correlational
C)causal
D)unidirectional

Question 12

"They are born at around the same time as we are,and we travel through life during the same point in history." This description refers to a person's:

A)social group.
B)social class.
C)club.
D)cohort.

Question 13

Which is an example of a non-normative transition?

A)Frank is getting married at age 28.
B)Yolanda is entering a master's program at age 22.
C)Joseph is beginning medical school at age 58.
D)Rachel is getting her driver's permit at age 16.

Question 14

Lifespan developmentalists,or developmental scientists,are:

A)primarily researchers.
B)researchers and practitioners from a variety of disciplines.
C)primarily psychologists.
D)primarily practitioners.

Question 15

Joe lives in a society that prizes independence,competition,and personal success.Joe lives in a(n)_____ culture.

A)collectivist
B)individualistic
C)developed
D)developing

Question 16

Genetic tendencies shape human environments.The two terms that explain the different ways that "nature shapes nurture" are _____ forces.

A)evocative and active
B)interactive and disjunctive
C)evocative and reactive
D)reactive and proactive

Question 17

Which statement about men versus women is true?

A)Men are more physiologically "hardy" than women.
B)Men are healthier than women.
C)Women are more fragile physically than men.
D)Women outlive men by more than 2 years.

Question 18

According to traditional behaviorists,all voluntary actions are determined by:

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)social learning theory.
D)attachment theory.

Question 19

Dr.Styler studies universal human tendencies that are shared by all people.He speculates that these are biological predispositions that helped promote human survival.Dr.Styler MOST likely is a(n):

A)traditional behaviorist.
B)cognitive behaviorist.
C)behavioral genetics researcher.
D)evolutionary psychologist.

Question 20

Which theoretical stage of human development did not exist as a defined life stage until the twentieth century?

A)old age
B)adolescence
C)infancy
D)childhood

Question 21

According to traditional behaviorists,the way to extinguish behavior is to stop reinforcing it.

Question 22

The young-old are people in their fifties.

Question 23

Which is an example of self-efficacy?

A)John believes that he is competent in psychology so he works very hard in this class.
B)Jean feels good about himself as a person.
C)Jacqui likes to reward herself for doing well.
D)Jill tries to place herself in difficult situations.

Question 24

Dr.Lee is interested in determining the degree to which genetics influence intelligence,so she compares the intelligence test scores of identical and fraternal twins.Dr.Lee's field of study is:

A)behavioral genetics.
B)evolutionary psychology.
C)attachment theory.
D)developmentalism.

Question 25

Who is most likely to identify as young-old?

A)Ben is 92 years old and has many physical and neurocognitive issues that prevent him from performing some daily activities
B)Mary is 67 years old and rejects the idea that she is old and not able to participate in activities.
C)Sarah is 54 years old and maintains an active lifestyle
D)Jim is 84 years old,rejects the idea that he is old,and walks every day to stay active

Question 26

Eighteen-year-old Bethany is trying to determine who she is as a person and what she wants to do in life.According to Erik Erikson's framework,Bethany's current life challenge is:

A)basic trust.
B)initiative.
C)identity.
D)role confusion.

Question 27

Freud believed that self-awareness is the key to mental health.

Question 28

The maximum lifespan is the oldest possible age to which humans can live.

Question 29

Dr.Williams was interested in studying anxiety levels and physical healthy and activity among 12-,25-,35-,and 45-year-old individuals.Dr.Williams provided the participants with a measure of anxiety and then had them participate in certain physical activities.This would be an example of a _____ study.

A)correlational
B)qualitative
C)longitudinal
D)cross-sectional

Question 30

The differences in values and attitudes between men and women are almost all biological in origin.

Question 31

According to Bandura,modeling refers to watching and imitating another person's behavior.

Question 32

Dr.Beech uses many different approaches to understand behavior and is interested in the ways in which these influences interact.Dr.Beech is adopting the _____ approach.

A)nature vs.nurture
B)developmental systems
C)humanistic
D)behavioral genetics

Question 33

Miguel decides to study the relationship between exercise and health.He picks a group of older people,assesses how much they work out,and then relates these scores to measures of blood pressure and other signs of illness.Joe's strategy of relating variables as they naturally occur is called:

A)correlational research.
B)naturalistic observation.
C)self-report.
D)experimental research.

Question 34

In the United States (and around the world),there is no relationship between life expectancy and a person's income.

Question 35

Which is NOT an example of a bidirectional relationship?

A)Ms.Taylor enjoys doing homework with her son in the evening.
B)Mary feels happy when she sees her upbeat friend.
C)Ng becomes annoyed when he sees his moody and unpredictable neighbor.
D)Professor Erikson notices that when she is lecturing,she does not make eye contact with her shy students.

Question 36

According to traditional behaviorists,activities that are _____ or rewarded will be learned.

A)improved
B)increased
C)reinforced
D)ignored

Question 37

Attitudes and values within each major ethnic group in the United States are very similar.

Question 38

Professor Carter is conducting a study that involves watching children in a classroom and rating their behavior.Professor Carter is using which measurement method?

A)survey analysis
B)self-report design
C)laboratory research
D)naturalistic observation

Question 39

Normative life events are the same in all cultures.

Question 40

Compared to people in Asian countries,U.S.residents are more likely to have a collectivist worldview.

Question 41

Developmental systems theorists stress that many different forces shape behavior.

Question 42

Correlational studies can determine cause and effect relationships.

Question 43

Piaget was interested in charting how the amount that children know gradually increases.

Question 44

Bowlby embraced the importance of nurture,but rejected the importance of nature.

Question 45

What area of the lifespan did scientists study last?

A)child development
B)adult development
C)gerontology
D)prenatal development

Question 46

Qualitative studies include statistical analyses.

Question 47

A developmental scientist might study all of these topics EXCEPT:

A)parenting practices and how they affect normal child development.
B)cross-cultural concepts about the right age to toilet train children.
C)emotional development during adult life.
D)travel and its economic impact on a nation's wealth.

Question 48

Evolutionary psychologists emphasize the importance of reinforcement in determining behavior.

Question 49

A cohort refers to a:

A)group of friends.
B)group of people who were born around the same time.
C)family group.
D)group of people who live in the same neighborhood.

Question 50

Gerontologists study:

A)evolution.
B)genes.
C)diseases of the ancient world.
D)aging.

Question 51

Which is NOT a normative transition?

A)Mary begins kindergarten at age 5.
B)Sara has a child when she is in her twenties.
C)Josephine has a terrible car accident at age 18.
D)Manuel retires at age 65.

Question 52

A developmentalist might study all of these topics EXCEPT:

A)when children reach milestones such as walking or puberty.
B)what drugs work best for people with schizophrenia.
C)what happens to people after they reach retirement.
D)how an individual's personality may change over time.

Question 53

Bowlby's attachment theory emphasizes the importance of the parent/child relationship in early childhood.

Question 54

Cross-sectional studies compare different age groups at the same time.

Question 55

Researchers studying development a century ago MOST likely would focus on which life stage?

A)child development
B)adult development
C)gerontology
D)prenatal development

Question 56

Which person's statement is referring to his or her cohort?

A)"We live in the same area of the country."
B)"We play tennis together every week."
C)"We were born around the same time."
D)"We are of the same ethnic group."

Question 57

Which is a normative transition?

A)puberty
B)divorce
C)sleeping in bed with a child
D)living through a recession

Question 58

Developmentalists conduct research to find out the scientific "truth."

Question 59

Longitudinal studies are inexpensive and easy to carry out.

Question 60

Behavioral geneticists conduct research on hereditary influences in behaviors and attitudes.

Question 61

The twentieth-century life-expectancy revolution occurred when scientists were able to:

A)cure or prevent many infectious diseases.
B)slow the progress of many chronic diseases.
C)make inroads in curing heart disease.
D)allow people to live happier lives.

Question 62

The modern "caring" view of childhood was NOT influenced by:

A)the writings Locke and Rousseau,who felt childhood was a special period.
B)medical advances which dramatically reduced infant mortality.
C)the need for children to receive an education.
D)advances in birth control.

Question 63

All are true of emerging adulthood EXCEPT that it:

A)refers to the time from age 18 through the late twenties.
B)is the time when people explore their place in the adult world.
C)came into being because people now live for a long time.
D)tends to be a very unhappy life stage.

Question 64

Over the centuries,childhood has become much:

A)longer.
B)more difficult
C)more stressful.
D)simpler.

Question 65

For people born in the eighteenth century,all of the following are true EXCEPT that they would:

A)be far more likely to die during early childhood than today.
B)be far less likely to go to school than today.
C)begin their "adult life" at a far younger age than today.
D)have an adolescence.

Question 66

When José is explaining some historical facts about childhood,he would MOST likely say that in previous centuries people:

A)cared more about nurturing children than people do today.
B)cared more about childhood education than people do today.
C)were defined as adults right after college.
D)engaged in activities viewed today as child abuse.

Question 67

If Therese is in her eighties,she is _____.

A)old-old
B)a new senior citizen
C)in early old age
D)an emerging adult

Question 68

Today,the baby-boom cohort is:

A)in the aging phase of life.
B)old-old.
C)almost completely dead.
D)all in middle age.

Question 69

Childhood got longer because of:

A)schooling-the need for more education.
B)economic pressures-the need for kids to stay at home.
C)biology-children reaching puberty at younger ages.
D)family changes-more single-parent moms.

Question 70

A woman who says she is a baby boomer:

A)grew up during World War II.
B)grew up during the 1980s.
C)reached her teens during the 1960s or 1970s.
D)reached her teens in the 1980s.

Question 71

All are true of the twentieth century life-expectancy revolution EXCEPT that it:

A)was caused by dramatic medical advances in curing infectious disease.
B)occurred in the first half of the twentieth century.
C)allowed people to live beyond the maximum lifespan.
D)allowed most people to live to "the aging phase of life."

Question 72

Millennial,Generation X,and Baby Boomer are terms that refer to a person's:

A)social class.
B)cohort.
C)society.
D)group of friends.

Question 73

Which person is NOT a baby boomer?

A)Cesar,who was in college during the late 1960s
B)Callista,who is 65
C)Cami,who is 40
D)Corrine,who is about to retire

Question 74

The age to which people have a fifty-fifty chance of surviving is their _____.

A)ultimate life expectancy
B)maximum lifespan
C)statistical life span
D)predictable lifespan;ultimate lifespan

Question 75

Carlos,in his twenties,is trying to decide on a career.Carlos is in the life stage called:

A)emerging adulthood.
B)wandering adulthood.
C)immaturity.
D)post adolescence.

Question 76

All are true of the baby boomers EXCEPT that they:

A)were teenagers during the late 1960s.
B)are entering their young-old years.
C)are an incredibly large cohort.
D)have had little impact on Western society.

Question 77

Which person MOST likely is a baby boomer?

A)Selma,who is about to turn 65
B)Kimiko,who is in her late seventies
C)Kevin,who became a grandpa last year
D)Tan,who just got his Ph.D.

Question 78

When Aracelly tells you she is a baby boomer,Aracelly is referring to her _____.

A)society
B)cohort
C)income
D)gender

Question 79

All are true of the baby-boom cohort EXCEPT that they:

A)are larger size-wise than other living cohorts.
B)were born in the years after World War I.
C)changed society as they moved through life.
D)are now entering later life.

Question 80

Which person is NOT a member of the baby-boom cohort?

A)David,who was born in 1946 after his dad returned from World War II
B)Adrianna,who entered college at age 18,during the late 1960s
C)Lynnette who was born during the Great Depression
D)Liang,who retired in 2013 at age 63