Deck 14: Beyond the Family: the Impact of the Broader Culture

Question 1

Which two conditions were precursers for an insecure attachment found by the NICHD team?

A) single parent families and low-quality child care.
B) mother's level of education and the child's temperament.
C) the number of hours spent in child care per week and the income of the parents.
D) the age of the child when he or she first entered child care and the number of children in the family.
E) an insensitive mother and low-quality child care.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Michael is African American and both his parents work. Michael is most likely to have which type of nonparental care arrangment?

A) He is enrolled in a daycare center.
B) He is taken care of by a neighbor.
C) He is cared for by a family friend.
D) He is taken care of by his grandmother.
E) He is cared for by his nanny.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The interpretation of research on nonparental care must take into account all of the following EXCEPT

A) the enormous variety of different care environments.
B) the variety of different ages at which care begins.
C) the large differences in family structures.
D) the different attitudes of mothers to nonparental care.
E) the geographical area in which the care takes place.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Five-year-old Willie is in child care for about nine hours a day so his mother can work to support the family. When his mother picks him up, she is exhausted. According to Belsky, Willie is most at risk for

A) early aggressive behavior.
B) insecure attachment.
C) poor cognitive development.
D) more childhood illnesses.
E) poor social skills.

Question 5

Which of the following children in child care will have the highest cognitive development?

A) Marcus, who is middle class and is cared for by a neighbor two afternoons a week.
B) Julius, whose family is poor and is cared for at home by his aunt.
C) Joachim, who began child care at age 4.
D) Joachim, whose family is wealthy and attends a family daycare.
E) Maria, whose family is poor and attends a cognitively-enriched program.

Question 6

The results of the NICHD study led to which conclusion about the impact of child care on attachment?

A) An insensitive mother is the only cause of an insecure attachment.
B) No matter how sensitive the mother, child care is harmful.
C) All mothers of child care children are depressed.
D) The child's personality is the only factor.
E) Child care, in itself, was unrelated to the security of the child's attachment.

Question 7

Currently what percent of mothers in the U.S. with children under age 6 are employed?

A) 20
B) 35
C) 50
D) 75
E) 64

Question 8

In the United States, what proportion of children under age 4 in nonparental care are enrolled in center-based care?

A) three-quarters
B) two-thirds
C) one-half
D) one-third
E) one-quarter

Question 9

The NICHD Early Child Care Research Network conducted a study of child care using 1,300 infants and their families. The research included

A) families with single mothers only.
B) two-parent families only.
C) two-parent families living with extended family members.
D) only families with two or more children.
E) mothers with all educational levels.

Question 10

Surveys show that the primary goal of parents who choose center-based care for toddlers and preschoolers is

A) social skills training.
B) supervision.
C) school readiness.
D) artistic development.
E) decreasing separation anxiety.

Question 11

Tim's parents both work but he is not enrolled in a child care center. Who is most likely his caretaker?

A) an older sibling
B) someone hired from a child care service
C) an adult in his neighborhood
D) a family friend
E) a grandparent

Question 12

The NCIHD Early Child Care Research Network Study of the effects of child care found that

A) child care always has a negative impact.
B) child care improves cognitive but harms social functioning.
C) girls are more likely to have attachment problems.
D) child care choice is unrelated to parenting style.
E) family variables are more important than type of child care.

Question 13

What percent of married women with children under age 6 were in the labor force in 1970?

A) 18
B) 40
C) 62
D) 73
E) 80

Question 14

Research on the impact of nonparental care on children's personality has found that children in nonparental care are all of the following EXCEPT

A) more sociable and popular.
B) higher in moral judgment.
C) more aggressive with peers.
D) better at peer play skills.
E) less compliant with parents and teachers.

Question 15

Several researchers have found that the most likely cause of the negative effects of nonparental care on a child's social competence is

A) the cost of the child care center.
B) the age at which the child first enters childcare.
C) the socioeconomic level of the family.
D) the ethnicity of the family.
E) the relative quality of the care.

Question 16

Which child is the least likely to be enrolled in a child care center?

A) Jorge, who is Hispanic-American
B) Martin, who is Caucasian
C) Emani ,who is African American
D) Sofia, who is biracial
E) There is no difference in likelihood of enrollment in child care centers based on ethnicity.

Question 17

Psychologists who have researched child care's impact on personality and cognitive development

A) all agree that child care should start before age one year.
B) all agree that there are consistent cognitive advantages.
C) agree that there are no confounding variables of concern.
D) believe that the mother's attitude is the sole determinant.
E) disagree strongly about the findings.

Question 18

Compared to home-reared infants, cortisol levels for those in child care are

A) dramatically lower.
B) lower only during weekends and holidays.
C) higher both at home and at the center.
D) about the same both at home and at the center.
E) higher only when attending the center.

Question 19

Sandra Scarr claims that child care effects are likely to be parenting effects in disguise because the kind of child care parents choose

A) is an extension of their own characteristics and parenting styles.
B) is so closely correlated with parents' socioeconomic status.
C) makes no difference in children's development.
D) in turn affects the kind of parenting decisions parents make.
E) results in teachers training parents in proper parenting techniques.

Question 20

Belsky found that infants who enter child care before their first birthday are at a slightly heightened risk for

A) mental retardation.
B) poor motor skills.
C) inadequate social skills.
D) insecure attachment.
E) lower cognitive skills.

Question 21

Cheryl wants to win the school spelling bee. This is a(n)

A) task goal.
B) competence goal.
C) ability goal.
D) learning goal.
E) cognitive goal.

Question 22

What type of goal is defined in competitive terms?

A) task
B) competence
C) athletic
D) cognitive
E) ability

Question 23

Middle schools tend to emphasize

A) ability grouping.
B) internal control.
C) cooperation over competition.
D) mixed grouping.
E) task grouping.

Question 24

Why does NAEYC take into consideration the maturation of the reticular formation when evaluating childhood programs?

A) The reticular formation helps the child learn to control his or her emotions.
B) The reticular formation is responsible for language development in early childhood.
C) The complete maturation of the reticular formation is necessary in children who want to succeed in preschool.
D) The reticular formation matures faster in boys than in girls.
E) The reticular formation controls attention and is far from mature in a preschooler.

Question 25

In order to choose a preschool for her son, Lisa decided to visit the preschools in her area. When Lisa visits a preschool with an academic approach, she would expect to find all of the following except

A) teachers working with children in groups with flashcards.
B) students sitting at desks listening to the teacher lecture.
C) students working on learning to print letters and numbers.
D) teachers using a phonics program to facilitate early reading.
E) a child-centered curriculum in which children choose freely from a variety of learning centers.

Question 26

Longitudinal studies show that most fifth graders have ________ goals and sixth graders have ________ goals.

A) task; athletic
B) competence; social
C) athletic; task
D) task; ability
E) ability; task

Question 27

All the following are recommended group sizes for child care centers EXCEPT

A) 15 to 20 per group for older children.
B) 6 to 12 per group for toddlers.
C) 6 to 8 per group for toddlers.
D) 6 to 8 per group for infants.
E) Overall group size doesn't matter as long as the teacher/child ratio is appropriate.

Question 28

A goal that is based on personal standards and a desire to become more competent at something is a

A) competence goal.
B) task goal.
C) ability goal.
D) cognitive goal.
E) positive goal.

Question 29

Franco's parents attend parent-teacher conferences, attend most school events, and get involved supervising homework. Compared to his friend Miguel, whose parents don't attend these events, Franco will be all of the following EXCEPT

A) more strongly motivated.
B) more competent.
C) better adapted to school.
D) a better reader.
E) more dependent.

Question 30

The most important factor in self-care seems to be

A) the child's age.
B) the child's gender.
C) the mother's temperament.
D) the family's neighborhood.
E) parental monitoring.

Question 31

Child care centers should keep children of ages 4 to 5 in groups no larger than

A) 6 to 8 children.
B) 6 to 12 children.
C) 15 to 20 children.
D) 20 to 30 children.
E) 25 to 35 children.

Question 32

Task goals are associated with

A) group influences.
B) a greater sense of personal control.
C) more negative attitudes toward school.
D) external standards of good and bad performance.
E) relative standards.

Question 33

A quality child care center should have all of the following EXCEPT

A) a variety of activities that encourage play.
B) small group size.
C) a low teacher/child ratio.
D) caregivers who are positive and responsive,
E) an academically-oriented curriculum that emphasizes rote learning.

Question 34

According to Fuller, what is the optimal amount of time for preschool attendance for 2- to 4-year-olds?

A) 15 hours per week
B) 6 hours per week
C) 25 hours per week
D) 30 hours per week
E) 35+ hours per week

Question 35

Research consistently demonstrates all of the following about self-care children EXCEPT

A) they are less socially skilled.
B) they have a greater number of behavioral problems.
C) they are more poorly adjusted in terms of peer relationships.
D) they have poorer school performance.
E) they are better able to control impulses.

Question 36

Mikhail wants to become a better runner. What type of goal is this?

A) competence
B) ability
C) athletic
D) physical
E) task

Question 37

From a developmental perspective, children should not be in a self-care situation before what age?

A) age 8
B) age 9
C) age 10
D) age 11
E) age 12

Question 38

Suppose that you are a parent with a one-year-old infant. You are looking for a good child care setting for your child, and you visit a series of child care centers in your town. Which of the following questions should you be sure to ask about the caregivers at each center?

A) "What is the average age of your caregivers?"
B) "Do your caregivers have Ph.D.'s?"
C) "How much training have your caregivers had in child development?"
D) "Did your caregivers experience child care themselves as children?"
E) "Do your caregivers have children of their own?"

Question 39

Children show the least losses during the transition to high school in which system?

A) 6-3-3
B) 5-3-4
C) 8-4
D) 4-2-2-4
E) 9-3

Question 40

Happy Camper child care has just opened an infant (under one year) care section. They can only afford to hire two people for infant care at this time and, therefore, they should accept no more than ________ infants.

A) four
B) six
C) eight
D) ten
E) twelve

Question 41

Mitch is in his junior year of high school and works long hours. Mitch is likely to do all of the following EXCEPT

A) use alcohol or drugs.
B) display aggression toward peers.
C) argue with his parents.
D) get adequate sleep.
E) be satisfied with life.

Question 42

The average United States high school student spends how much time on homework?

A) 4 hours a day
B) 2 hours a day
C) 1 hour a day
D) 6 hours a week
E) 4 hours a week

Question 43

Which student is most likely to drop out of school?

A) Maria, who is Hispanic American, low SES, from a two-parent home
B) Arnold, who is Hispanic American, low SES, from a single-parent home
C) Sarina, who is African American, low SES, from a two-parent home
D) Oliver, who is African American, low SES, from a single-parent home
E) There is no relationship between SES, ethnicity, single vs. two-parent homes, and dropout rates

Question 44

Which ethnic groups are most likely to devalue academic effort or achievement?

A) Asian American and Caucasian American
B) Asian American and Native American
C) Caucasian American and African American
D) Hispanic American and Asian American
E) African American and Hispanic American

Question 45

In a middle school, homeroom teachers monitor homework completion and grades. These teachers are performing the role of

A) principals.
B) counselors.
C) coaches.
D) mentors.
E) advisors.

Question 46

Huesmann's research on the level of aggression and television viewing indicated that

A) there is no effect of TV viewing on aggression.
B) there is a direct cause and effect.
C) aggressive behavior is not linked to television viewing.
D) the effect is only found in young boys,
E) those who watch more violent television are more violent as adults.

Question 47

Rick has a 30-hours-per-week job after school. Which of the following is most likely to be the effect of his job?

A) He will begin to use alcohol more heavily.
B) His grades will improve.
C) He will decide that he needs a college education.
D) He will help his parents more.
E) He will get along better with his friends.

Question 48

Steinberg's research on over 20,000 teenagers in high school and their families found that

A) a high proportion don't take school seriously.
B) the majority of students study every night.
C) the peer culture encourages academic success.
D) most after school activities reinforce school work.
E) most parents are engaged in their children's schooling.

Question 49

The National Middle School Association in the U.S. recommends that middle schools

A) be organized more like high schools.
B) organize students and teachers into teams.
C) should start with grade four.
D) should not be coeducational.
E) should be eliminated.

Question 50

Sam is ability goal oriented. He is more likely to

A) attribute success and failure to external forces.
B) feel positive about school.
C) have a strong sense of personal control.
D) have internal standards of performance.
E) be able to resist group influences.

Question 51

Steinberg found that over ________ of high school students said they could bring home grades of "C" or worse without their parents getting upset.

A) half
B) two-thirds
C) three-quarters
D) four-fifths
E) seven-eighths

Question 52

Research by Bachman & Schulenberg indicates that the more hours per week a teenager works at a paying job, the

A) less sleep s/he gets.
B) more drug usage s/he reports.
C) less aggression s/he shows toward peers.
D) fewer arguments s/he has with parents.
E) more satisfied s/he is with life.

Question 53

Longitudinal studies have found all of the following to be strong predictors of subsequent dropout EXCEPT

A) history of academic failure.
B) the need to earn money.
C) pattern of aggressive behavior.
D) decisions about sexual intercourse.
E) engaging in risky behavior.

Question 54

The largest percentage of parents who home school do so because

A) their children are disabled.
B) they believe they can do a better job.
C) they want to provide religious or moral instruction.
D) their children are gifted.
E) they are concerned with crime in the schools.

Question 55

Which group of students has the highest dropout rate?

A) Caucasian Americans
B) African Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) Hispanic Americans
E) Native Americans

Question 56

What percent of home school families are two-parent homes?

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 80
E) 90

Question 57

Parents of engaged students are most likely to be

A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) neglecting.
E) rejecting.

Question 58

Research on teen employment by Mortimer and colleagues has shown that

A) unskilled work has no impact on school engagement.
B) there is no difference in the effects of part-time or full-time work.
C) school performance declines dramatically for all types of work.
D) full-time work is better than part-time work.
E) jobs that teach useful skills increase teen confidence in his/her ability.

Question 59

Research has shown that high school students are least likely to experience high levels of intrinsic motivation along with intense mental effort when

A) attending an elective class.
B) participating in extracurricular activities.
C) attending academic classes.
D) practicing a sport.
E) working on an art project.

Question 60

Longitudinal research involving teenagers who were in high school in the late 1980's revealed that the more hours participants worked during high school, the more likely they were to

A) avoid drug and alcohol use.
B) get along with peers.
C) get along with parents.
D) be well rested.
E) be dissatisfied with life.

Question 61

In the United States, roughly ________ percent of African American children live in poverty.

A) 15
B) 33
C) 50
D) 60
E) 75

Question 62

The McDougall's income is so low that they are considered below the poverty line. Researchers would predict that, compared to working class or middle class parents, the McDougalls would

A) be more warm and nurturing.
B) be less likely to discipline their children.
C) talk more to their children.
D) explain things less often.
E) provide more age-appropriate toys.

Question 63

A characteristic of resilient children and adolescents is

A) concrete operational thought.
B) an optimistic outlook.
C) gang membership.
D) skepticism.
E) dependence.

Question 64

Researchers have found that playing violent video games leads to all of the following EXCEPT

A) increases in overall aggression.
B) aggressive behavior with peers.
C) less capacity for empathy.
D) increased emotional hostility.
E) increased empathy with others.

Question 65

Which of the following describes how parents control their teenager's TV viewing?

A) media can be viewed only after homework is completed
B) media viewing correlates with performance in school (low performance constitutes a restriction in media viewing)
C) restrictions on what the teenager is viewing (e.g. "R" rated movies), but not on the quantity of viewing
D) very few, if any, rules regarding media use
E) sporadic enforcement of media restrictions

Question 66

Surveys in a number of large cities indicate that nearly ________ of inner-city elementary and high school students have witnessed at least one violent crime in the past year.

A) a quarter
B) a third
C) half
D) three fourths
E) six-eighths

Question 67

Developmentalists have found that habitual electronic multitasking can increase levels of _______________ in teens.

A) intelligence
B) hand-eye coordination
C) depression
D) academic performance
E) sensation-seeking

Question 68

Compared to poor parents with less education, poor parents with relatively more education typically

A) provide about the same level of intellectual stimulation.
B) are just about as responsive.
C) are more authoritarian.
D) talk more to their children.
E) are less involved with their children.

Question 69

TV programs specifically designed to be educational or to teach positive values have

A) demonstrable positive effects.
B) no effect, positive or negative.
C) positive effects on vocabulary development, but no effect on prosocial behaviors.
D) negative effects on children's vocabulary development, but no effect on prosocial behaviors.
E) random impact on cognitive development of children of all ages.

Question 70

The repeated viewing of television violence leads to

A) emotional desensitization toward violence.
B) an avoidance of all aggression.
C) increased timidity and dependence.
D) a reduction in prosocial behavior.
E) more popularity among peers.

Question 71

What was the response of the children after viewing adults acting violently towards a blow up clown in Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiment?

A) They showed no signs of increased agression.
B) Boys acted more aggressively but girls showed no increase in aggression.
C) The children were found to imitate the aggressive acts of the adults.
D) They showed complete disinterest in the Bobo doll in the room.
E) They engaged in more sociodramatic play.

Question 72

All of the following describe families of resilient children EXCEPT

A) more authoritative.
B) more securely attached.
C) more protective.
D) more knowledgeable about child development.
E) more stable employment

Question 73

The largest body of research into the impact of television has focused on the potential impact of television on children's

A) aggressiveness.
B) school performance.
C) physical development.
D) assertiveness.
E) social skills.

Question 74

Which ethnic group has the highest child poverty rates in the United States?

A) African American
B) Hispanic American
C) Asian American
D) Native American
E) Caucasian

Question 75

Compared to other children, children raised in poverty

A) have higher rates of illness and disabilities.
B) have the same distribution of IQ scores.
C) develop cognitively at the same rate.
D) are less likely to repeat a grade.
E) are less likely to be poor as adults.

Question 76

Adolescents spend an average of _______ hours each day using multiple electronic devices.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
E) 7

Question 77

Roger lives in an inner city area and has been suffering sleep disturbances, irritability, angry outbursts, and hypervigilance. Roger is suffering from

A) schizophrenia.
B) psychosomatic disorder.
C) depression.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.
E) bipolar disorder.

Question 78

How many times per hour are sexual incidents shown during prime time television?

A) 12
B) 1
C) 9
D) 5
E) 2

Question 79

Several studies suggest that playing video games fosters

A) improved social skills.
B) positive emotions.
C) improved reading skills.
D) excessive dependency.
E) good spatial-cognitive skills.

Question 80

Which of the following statements about race and ethnicity is accurate?

A) Ethnicity may include a racial component.
B) Race and ethnicity are the same.
C) Ethnicity refers to physical characteristics.
D) Race refers to social and cultural characteristics.
E) Ethnicity only applies to European ancestry.