Deck 11: The Development of Social Relationships

Question 1

In Bowlby's terminology, the ________ begins to be formed late in the child's first year of life and continues to become more elaborated and firm through the first four or five years.

A) superego
B) internal model
C) object concept
D) safe base
E) maternal relationship

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A type of affectional bond in which the presence of the partner adds a special sense of security for the individual is

A) attachment.
B) a horizontal relationship.
C) synchrony.
D) a parental bond.
E) identity.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to Bowlby, the confidence a child has that the attachment figure will be available and reliable is part of a(n)

A) self-system.
B) internal working model.
C) safe base.
D) cognitive self-scheme.
E) identity process.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following theorists distinguished between secure and insecure attachment?

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Sroufe
D) Ainsworth
E) Bowlby

Question 5

After the first weeks of the baby's life, fathers in the United States, compared to mothers, spend

A) more time in routine caregiving.
B) the same amount of time smiling at the baby.
C) more time playing with the baby.
D) more time talking to the baby.
E) less time roughhousing with the baby.

Question 6

According to Ainsworth, an affectional bond is defined as

A) a relatively long-enduring tie in which the partner is important as a unique individual and not interchangeable with another person.
B) a subvariety of emotional bond in which a person's sense of security is bound up in the relationship.
C) all those behaviors that allow a child or adult to achieve and retain proximity to someone else to whom she is attached.
D) the newborn infant's emotional connection to the mother.
E) a horizontal relationship that provides reciprocity.

Question 7

In the presence of a young infant, most adults will automatically display a distinctive pattern of interactive behaviors that includes

A) a smile and a loud voice.
B) squinting eyes and pursed lips.
C) raised eyebrows and very wide-open eyes.
D) a low-pitched voice and squinting eyes.
E) motherese and lowered eyebrows.

Question 8

Bonita is about to give birth and she wants to know the best way to achieve bonding with her newborn. You can tell her that

A) immediate contact is necessary for the formation of stable, long-term affectional bonding.
B) she should develop a mutual interlocking pattern of attachment behaviors.
C) she should avoid too much contact in the first few weeks so the baby is not overstimulated.
D) she should ignore the baby's signals and develop a strict schedule for feeding and naps.
E) she should provide contact with several adults on an ongoing basis.

Question 9

The strongest theoretical influence in modern-day studies of infant-parent relationships is the work of

A) Bandura and Watson.
B) Piaget and Ainsworth.
C) Erikson and Freud.
D) Bowlby and Ainsworth.
E) Freud and Piaget.

Question 10

When Tamara interacts with her baby she is most likely to use all of the following EXCEPT

A) a smile.
B) raised eyebrows.
C) wide-open eyes.
D) motherese.
E) a low-pitched voice.

Question 11

The existence of affectional bonds can be measured most accurately by

A) attachment behaviors.
B) the age of the child.
C) frequency of interactions.
D) the target of attachment.
E) horizontal relationships.

Question 12

According to Ainsworth, parents

A) have no influence over adolescents.
B) are the sole determinant of their children's development.
C) have less influence than peers.
D) shape their children's values.
E) provide a secure base for their children.

Question 13

According to Bowlby, the first phase in the development of the infant's attachment is

A) object permanence.
B) nonfocused orienting and signaling.
C) focus on one or more figures.
D) secure base behavior.
E) separation anxiety.

Question 14

The development of a mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviors between parent and child is called

A) attachment.
B) bonding.
C) relating.
D) synchrony.
E) security.

Question 15

The development of synchrony

A) occurs with early contact immediately after birth.
B) is innate and appears without practice.
C) is not possible before the infant is one year old.
D) has no influence on the parent-child relationship.
E) takes time and many rehearsals.

Question 16

Bowlby argued that by age 4 or 5, the internal working model becomes more

A) focused.
B) ambivalent.
C) general.
D) likely to change.
E) inaccurate.

Question 17

Bowlby stated that early infant-parent relationships

A) are mutually and reciprocally shaped by way of an extended series of reinforcements, punishments, and extinctions.
B) have survival value and are built and maintained by an interlocking repertoire of instinctive behaviors that create and sustain proximity between parent and child.
C) are rooted in the infant's id instincts, especially sexual drives, which become associated with various erogenous zones of the body.
D) are reflexive, organized patterns of behavior, which gradually become modified through the process of assimilation/accommodation.
E) are based on affectional bonds that build a permanent secure base for later development.

Question 18

As Bowlby and Ainsworth define attachment,

A) parents and children experience attachment to each other.
B) parental attachment to the child occurs at least six months before the child becomes attached to the parent.
C) children's relationship to parents is an attachment, but the parent's relationship with the child is not.
D) only children can experience attachment.
E) all attachment results in dependency.

Question 19

Two-month-old Caitlin responds to the caregiving efforts of her parents by being soothed. This behavior is

A) a sign that Caitlin is building expectations.
B) directed only towards her mother.
C) a sign that deep attachments have formed.
D) a random behavior.
E) an indication of delayed development.

Question 20

Bruce is a preschooler and his internal models contain all of the following EXCEPT

A) expectations for sequences of behavior.
B) rules for behavior with various individuals.
C) consequences for violations of social norms.
D) interpretations of others' actions.
E) determination of what to attend to.

Question 21

Ms. Levanduski is worried about what appears to be an increase in conflict with her 13-year-old teenager. What would you tell her?

A) A rise in conflict is normal in adolescence.
B) She should be prepared for major arguments over serious issues.
C) Her teenager is probably emotionally disturbed.
D) Such conflict can lead to a substantial deterioration in their relationship.
E) Conflict will only occur over major issues.

Question 22

A number of theorists have suggested that the rise in parent-child discord at adolescence

A) is a sign of psychological difficulties for the adolescent.
B) is culturally, not biologically, determined.
C) makes the process of individuation and separation more difficult for the adolescent.
D) may be developmentally healthy and necessary.
E) occurs only in dysfunctional families.

Question 23

Leanne is six months old and according to Bowlby is in which phase of attachment?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 24

In comparison to preschoolers, the 7- or 8-year-old will display

A) more safe-base behavior.
B) greater levels of affection.
C) signs of a weakened attachment.
D) more distress at separation.
E) less need to be in physical contact.

Question 25

Fear of strangers and separation anxiety

A) occur only in Western cultures.
B) differ in intensity among children.
C) differ in timing among children.
D) do not really occur in most children.
E) first appear at five months of age.

Question 26

Ainsworth's Strange Situation consists of

A) substituting a stranger for either the mother or the father.
B) a gradual introduction into a day care setting through successively longer stays.
C) adults wearing masks with various emotional expressions to assess infants' social referencing abilities.
D) a series of episodes involving various combinations of infant, mother, and a stranger.
E) a contrived situation to test the infant's activity level.

Question 27

A teenager's sense of well being or happiness is more strongly correlated with the quality of his attachment to his ___________ than the quality of attachment to his ___________.

A) peers; parents.
B) community; peers.
C) parents; peers.
D) self-worth; parents.
E) siblings; peers.

Question 28

According to Bowlby, the child's genuine attachment to a parent first appears at about ________ month(s) of age.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 6
D) 9
E) 12

Question 29

Which of the following is a process that is a normal part of development in both toddlers and adolescents?

A) identity formation
B) individuation
C) intellectualization
D) introspection
E) integrity

Question 30

As a preschooler, Patti's goal-corrected attachment to her parents involves

A) having her parents within reach.
B) having the parent within sight.
C) collaborative planning for being together.
D) physical proximity except at nap time.
E) requiring the parent to be present at all times.

Question 31

Relationships with parents in adolescence involve

A) a push for autonomy that decreases conflict between parent and adolescent.
B) the establishment of autonomy while maintaining a sense of relatedness with parents.
C) a push for autonomy leading to severe weakening of the attachment of child to parent.
D) changes in the child's cognitive understanding that leads to less autonomy.
E) an increased need for relationships.

Question 32

In Bowlby's second phase of attachment,

A) the baby does not attach to anyone.
B) strangers are smiled at more than familiar people.
C) the baby narrows the targets of his/her attachment behavior.
D) strong attachments have been formed.
E) social referencing is achieved.

Question 33

Sixteen-year-old Nora and 2-year-old Paulette will both experience

A) separation anxiety.
B) identity formation.
C) introspection.
D) individuation.
E) emancipation.

Question 34

According to Steinberg's research, _______________ U.S. families experience a substantial or pervasive deterioration in the quality of the parent-child relationship in early adolescence.

A) relatively few
B) a large percentage of
C) substantially more than half of
D) approximately three-quarters of
E) close to half of

Question 35

When 4-year-old Cindy's mother leaves to go to work, Cindy will probably

A) experience extreme separation anxiety.
B) cling to her mother more than she did earlier.
C) feel no stress at all.
D) participate in a shared plan for her mother's return.
E) experience anger at her mother.

Question 36

It has been suggested that hormonal changes in adolescence

A) may be linked to increases in assertiveness.
B) have no affect on family closeness.
C) have no influence after menarche.
D) are not linked to the occurrence of conflict.
E) are solely responsible for adolescent behavior.

Question 37

By age 2 or 3, the child is more cognitively advanced and attachment behaviors

A) are less continuously visible.
B) are much more obvious than they were at 12 to 18 months of age.
C) have become weaker as the child develops a sense of autonomy.
D) have disappeared entirely.
E) reach their strongest level.

Question 38

When 7-, 10-, and 14-year-olds were asked to name the people who were the closest and most important to them, they most often named

A) friends.
B) coaches.
C) teachers.
D) parents.
E) same sex friends.

Question 39

Research with the Efe culture in which there is communal child rearing has found that children in this culture

A) use any adult as a safe base until 10 years of age.
B) show no special preference for their own mother.
C) have stronger attachment behaviors than normal.
D) show some signs of central attachment.
E) prefer to be with their fathers.

Question 40

According to Ainsworth, a newborn's "proximity-promoting" behaviors include all of the following EXCEPT

A) eye contact.
B) clinging.
C) crying.
D) cuddling.
E) babbling.

Question 41

Which of the following age and peer behavior combinations is accurate?

A) 14 to 18 months: play together, usually simply playing side-by-side with different toys
B) 10 months: first indication of positive interest in other infants
C) 6 months: begin to show more coordinated play.
D) 3 or 4 years: still prefer to play with objects, but will play with each other if no toys are available
E) 18 months: prefer to play alone

Question 42

German researchers have suggested that in their culture, an insecure-avoidant classification may reflect

A) maternal indifference.
B) lack of a father's influence.
C) severe child abuse.
D) delayed infant development.
E) explicit training toward independence.

Question 43

When reunited with her mother in Ainsworth's "Strange Situation," Kazumi moves toward her mother but keeps her gaze averted. This type of behavior may indicate a(n)

A) disorganized/disoriented attachment.
B) secure attachment.
C) resistant attachment.
D) ambivalent attachment.
E) detached/avoidant attachment.

Question 44

In a Strange Situation test, Jeannine does not become upset when her mother leaves the room, and when her mother returns, she runs to her and then quiets and returns to playing with toys. What type of attachment does this indicate?

A) secure
B) insecure/avoidant
C) insecure/ambivalent
D) insecure/disorganized
E) secure/disoriented

Question 45

Parents who demonstrate contingent responsiveness

A) are psychologically unavailable to their infants.
B) show their love only when the child is good.
C) have an infant with insecure attachment.
D) show acceptance of the infant and some sensitivity to the child.
E) respond only when the child behaves in a specific manner.

Question 46

Roger is very upset when he is separated from his mother, shows little exploration and is wary of strangers. He is not reassured by his mother's return and shows anger at his mother upon their reunion. According to Ainsworth, Roger is most likely

A) detached/avoidant.
B) secure.
C) disoriented.
D) disorganized.
E) resistant/ambivalent.

Question 47

Infants rated as ________ are likely to have mothers who are abusive or have had trauma in their own childhoods, such as abuse or the early death of a parent.

A) avoidant
B) ambivalent
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) secure
E) detached

Question 48

Olivia is depressed and therefore unreliably available to her infant. Her infant is likely to be

A) avoidant.
B) ambivalent.
C) disorganized/disoriented.
D) secure.
E) detached.

Question 49

Chris has been labeled as insecure (detached/avoidant). Which of the following would be an accurate description of his behavior?

A) He rarely explores his surroundings.
B) He is extremely wary of strangers.
C) He seeks and avoids contact at the same time.
D) He appears dazed and confused.
E) He will not resist his mother's efforts to make contact.

Question 50

Cross cultural research using the Strange Situation has indicated that

A) all cultures define ambivalent behavior in the same way.
B) child rearing practices and values are similar in most cultures.
C) the same factors in mother-infant interactions contribute to secure attachment in most cultures.
D) the Strange Situation is an unreliable measure in Israel but not in Germany or Sweden.
E) attachment classification cannot predict an infant's later social skills.

Question 51

Fifteen-month-old Billy and Bettina are playing together with toys. Sometimes they cooperate, but mostly they play side-by-side with different toys. This is a pattern that Parten described as

A) parallel play.
B) peer play.
C) playmateship.
D) friendship.
E) coordinated play.

Question 52

Compared to those with insecure attachments, adolescents who were rated as securely attached in infancy

A) have higher self-esteem.
B) become sexually active earlier.
C) have less intimate friendships.
D) tend to avoid leadership.
E) take more risks.

Question 53

Whenever Holly's mother returns after leaving her with a sitter for a period of time, Holly makes no effort to make contact with her mother. Ainsworth would say that Holly is exhibiting what type of attachment?

A) insecure/avoidant
B) insecure/ambivalent
C) securely attached
D) insecure/disorganized
E) insecure/disoriented

Question 54

Research has shown that infants were more likely to be securely attached to unresponsive mothers if these mothers were trained to be more

A) efficient.
B) calm.
C) cheerful.
D) organized.
E) sensitive.

Question 55

Julie is still trying to please her parents and gets angry when they are not pleased. Julie fits the internal working model of

A) secure/autonomous.
B) preoccupied or enmeshed.
C) dismissing or detached.
D) secure/balanced.
E) insecure avoidant.

Question 56

Attachment is mostly influenced by

A) the temperament of the child.
B) the goodness of fit between the infant's temperament and his/her environment.
C) the goodness of fit between the parent's temperament and his/her environment.
D) the temperament of the mother.
E) the temperament of either parent.

Question 57

When left with a stranger, Roberto is wary and hesitant to explore his surroundings. When his mother returns, she is unable to comfort him. Roberto would be classified as insecure

A) avoidant.
B) disorganized.
C) ambivalent.
D) frightened.
E) disoriented.

Question 58

Dozens of studies show that children rated as securely attached to their mothers in infancy are later

A) more dependent on teachers.
B) less empathetic.
C) more disruptive.
D) less aggressive.
E) less sociable.

Question 59

Studies of infant attachment in eight different countries indicate that

A) secure attachment is the most common pattern.
B) secure attachment is the most common type only in the United States.
C) ambivalent attachment is the most common type of insecure attachment in all cultures studied.
D) there was no consistency of attachment styles in the countries studied.
E) avoidant behaviors are most common in Israel and Japan.

Question 60

Theresa sees her childhood experiences as influential but is objective in describing these experiences. Theresa fits Main's internal working model of

A) secure/autonomous/balanced.
B) insecure/disorganized.
C) dismissing or detached.
D) preoccupied or enmeshed.
E) insecure avoidant.

Question 61

Latisha is in first grade. How many reciprocal friendships is she most likely to have?

A) 5
B) 4
C) 3
D) 2
E) 1

Question 62

Georgette has been a member of a group of adolescent girls for several months. Recently, they have decided to cut classes to go to the beach. Georgette does not want to do this. She is most likely to

A) go along with the group anyway.
B) move to a more compatible group.
C) change her value system.
D) pretend to go along with the group.
E) give up belonging to any group.

Question 63

Adolescent friendships are characterized by

A) stronger sex segregation than in elementary school.
B) less conformity to peer group values.
C) stronger parental influence.
D) increased sharing of feelings and secrets.
E) lack of involvement.

Question 64

Researchers have found that neglected children

A) do poorly in school.
B) are more prone to aggression.
C) may be shy and prefer solitary activities.
D) are deeply troubled by their lack of popularity.
E) cannot change their status.

Question 65

Popular children tend to be

A) aggressive.
B) attractive.
C) very smart.
D) uncooperative.
E) physically small.

Question 66

As Miranda moves from childhood to adolescence, her self-disclosure will change from

A) parents to romantic partner.
B) friends to parents.
C) romantic partner to friends.
D) friends to romantic partner.
E) parents to friends.

Question 67

Which of the following is a correct description of differences in middle childhood friendship interactions between male pairs and female pairs?

A) Boys' friendship groups are larger and more accepting of newcomers.
B) School-age girls have higher levels of competition between pairs of friends.
C) Friendships between boys include more agreement and compliance.
D) Girls' friendships are focused more on competition and dominance than are boys'.
E) Girls' friendships include less self-disclosure.

Question 68

Sixteen-year-old Lucinda is most likely to have the highest levels of self-disclosure with her

A) parents.
B) best friend.
C) romantic partner.
D) older sister.
E) older brother.

Question 69

More than half of all children have at least one mutual friendship by what age?

A) 18 months
B) 2 years
C) 3 or 4 years
D) 5 or 6 years
E) 7 or 8 years

Question 70

Aggressive rejected children are all of the following EXCEPT

A) socially withdrawn.
B) disruptive.
C) uncooperative.
D) unable to control strong feelings.
E) unable to take turns.

Question 71

In a study of Australian high school teenage groups, Dunphy identified two teenage subgroups, which he called

A) cliques and crowds.
B) nerds and punks.
C) brains and jocks.
D) preppies and druggies.
E) conventionals and nonconventionals.

Question 72

Barbie is in eleventh grade. She will most likely define peer groups in terms of shared

A) activities.
B) attitudes and appearance.
C) appearance and activities.
D) activities and values.
E) attitudes.

Question 73

Compared to interactions with strangers, grade school children's interactions with friends involve all of the following EXCEPT

A) greater support.
B) more physical contact.
C) more cooperation.
D) more conflict.
E) less criticism.

Question 74

Dunphy's research indicated that associating with peers in crowds was most common at what age?

A) age 9 to 10
B) age 11 to 12
C) age 13 to 15
D) age 16 to 18
E) age 19

Question 75

Compared to her brother, Greg, and his friends, when Samantha plays with her friends they are

A) more likely to be in smaller groups.
B) more accepting of newcomers.
C) more likely to play outdoors.
D) more likely to spend less time near home.
E) more likely to roam over a larger area.

Question 76

According to Dunphy, a crowd is

A) smaller than a clique.
B) made up of four to six people.
C) made up of several cliques.
D) exclusively male or female.
E) highly cohesive.

Question 77

Which of the following is true of preschooler's friendships?

A) They are consistently aware of each other's needs.
B) They end with their first quarrel.
C) There is no benefit to these friendships.
D) By age 4, many have developed a "best friend" relationship.
E) They are deep and longlasting.

Question 78

As Craig becomes an adult, his self-disclosures will shift from

A) parents to romantic partner.
B) friends to parents.
C) romantic partner to friends.
D) friends to romantic partner.
E) parents to friends.

Question 79

Choose the correct description of male-female differences in middle childhood friendships.

A) Boys' friendship groups are smaller than those of girls.
B) Boys spend more play time indoors or near home or school.
C) Girls' friendship groups are more accepting of newcomers than are boys'.
D) Girlfriends are more likely to play in pairs or in small, more exclusive groups.
E) Girls' friendships are more extensive.

Question 80

In adolescence, the peer group

A) becomes the vehicle for the transition from protected family life to independence.
B) provides the setting for mutual activities.
C) teaches about relationships and the natural world.
D) occupies less than 50 percent of the adolescent's time.
E) declines in importance as school demands increase.