Deck 21: The Respiratory System

Question 1

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

A)external respiration
B)pulmonary ventilation
C)internal respiration
D)blood pH adjustment

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In the plasma,the quantity of oxygen in solution is .

A)greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
B)not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
C)about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
D)only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the .

A)length of the vocal folds
B)strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
C)thickness of vestibular folds
D)force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

A)During normal activity,a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2.
B)Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen- carrying capacity.
C)During conditions of acidosis,hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.
D)A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

Question 5

With the Bohr effect,more oxygen is released because an).

A)increase in pH alkalosis)strengthens the hemoglobin- oxygen bond
B)decrease in pH acidosis)weakens the hemoglobin- oxygen bond
C)increase in pH alkalosis)weakens the hemoglobin- oxygen bond
D)decrease in pH acidosis)strengthens the hemoglobin- oxygen bond

Question 6

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?

A)CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.
B)Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.
C)Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation.
D)More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.

Question 7

Tidal volume is air .

A)forcibly expelled after normal expiration
B)inhaled after normal inspiration
C)exchanged during normal breathing
D)remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

Question 8

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by .

A)warming the air before it enters
B)protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
C)interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules,thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
D)humidifying the air before it enters

Question 9

Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung?

A)cardiac notch
B)middle lobe
C)oblique fissure
D)horizontal fissure

Question 10

For gas exchange to be efficient,the respiratory membrane must be .

A)0)5 to 1 micrometer thick
B)at least 3 micrometers thick
C)between 5 and 6 micrometers thick
D)The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.

Question 11

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include .

A)thalamic control
B)composition of alveolar air
C)stretch receptors in the alveoli
D)voluntary cortical control

Question 12

The larynx contains .

A)a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple
B)lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds
C)an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
D)the thyroid cartilage

Question 13

Possible causes of hypoxia include .

A)too little oxygen in the atmosphere
B)getting very cold
C)taking several rapid deep breaths
D)obstruction of the esophagus

Question 14

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

A)the temperature
B)solubility in water
C)molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
D)partial pressure gradient

Question 15

Select the correct statement about the pharynx.

A)The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx.
B)The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx.
C)The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.
D)The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.

Question 16

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the .

A)concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
B)temperature is lower at higher altitudes
C)concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
D)basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes

Question 17

Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

A)7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma
B)as bicarbonate ion in plasma
C)attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
D)20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin

Question 18

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.

A)A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.
B)As alveolar surface tension increases,additional muscle action will be required.
C)Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.
D)A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.

Question 19

Respiratory control centers are located in the .

A)pons and midbrain
B)upper spinal cord and medulla
C)midbrain and medulla
D)medulla and pons

Question 20

The statement,"in a mixture of gases,the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases .

A)Henry's law
B)Dalton's law
C)Charles' law
D)Boyle's law

Question 21

Which of the following maintains the patency openness)of the trachea?

A)surfactant
B)cartilage rings
C)pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
D)surface tension of water

Question 22

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

A)aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
B)helps limit the spread of local infections
C)allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction
D)helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers

Question 23

Which of the following does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated?

A)psychic stimuli
B)proprioceptors
C)decrease in lactic acid levels
D)simultaneous cortical motor activation of the skeletal muscles and respiratory center

Question 24

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called .

A)vital capacity
B)expiratory reserve
C)inspiratory reserve
D)reserve air

Question 25

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the .

A)action of the epiglottis
B)porous structure of turbinate bones
C)abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa
D)ciliated mucous lining in the nose

Question 26

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is .

A)increase of carbon dioxide
B)pH acidosis)
C)loss of oxygen in tissues
D)pH alkalosis)

Question 27

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are .

A)the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone
B)the smooth muscles of the lung
C)the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs
D)surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

Question 28

Gas emboli may occur because a .

A)diver holds his breath upon ascent
B)pilot holds her breath upon descent
C)person holds his breath too long
D)person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber

Question 29

Unlike inspiration,expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved.Expiration,however,depends on two factors.Which of the choices below lists those two factors?

A)the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall
B)combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli
C)the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant
D)the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

Question 30

The respiratory membrane is a combination of .

A)alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
B)respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
C)respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
D)atria and alveolar sacs

Question 31

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

A)chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
B)as carbonic acid in the plasma
C)chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
D)as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

Question 32

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

A)number of red blood cells
B)partial pressure of oxygen
C)partial pressure of carbon dioxide
D)temperature

Question 33

Inspiratory capacity is .

A)air inspired after a tidal inhalation
B)the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
C)functional residual capacity
D)the total amount of exchangeable air

Question 34

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

A)alveolar ducts
B)alveoli
C)alveolar sacs
D)respiratory bronchioles

Question 35

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells,type I and type II.The function of type II is to .

A)replace mucus in the alveoli
B)protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
C)secrete surfactant
D)trap dust and other debris

Question 36

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

A)muscles of inspiration
B)airway opening
C)flexibility of the thoracic cage
D)alveolar surface tension

Question 37

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

A)the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
B)compliance and transpulmonary pressures
C)compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
D)the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures

Question 38

Intrapulmonary pressure is the .

A)pressure within the pleural cavity
B)difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
C)pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
D)negative pressure in the intrapleural space

Question 39

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the .

A)inspiratory capacity
B)tidal volume
C)expiratory reserve volume
D)vital capacity

Question 40

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

A)arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention
B)rising carbon dioxide levels
C)arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg
D)rising blood pressure

Question 41

The contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles begins inspiration.Explain exactly what happens,in terms of volume and pressure changes in the lungs,when these muscles contract.

Question 42

The regulates smoothing of transitions from inspiration to expiration.

Question 43

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by .

A)Henry's law
B)Charles' law
C)Dalton's law
D)Boyle's law

Question 44

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

A)squamous cell carcinoma
B)adenocarcinoma
C)Kaposi's sarcoma
D)small cell carcinoma

Question 45

Which of the following is not possible?

A)Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance.
B)Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
C)The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.
D)Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow.

Question 46

law would apply to the amount of CO2 you could dissolve in a Pepsi.

Question 47

The trachea is lined with epithelium.

Question 48

Which of the following is not true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the aveoli?

A)Proportionally,smooth muscle decreases uniformly.
B)Lining of the tubes changes from ciliated columnar to simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli.
C)Resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in cross- sectional diameter.
D)Cartilage gradually decreases and disappears at the bronchioles.

Question 49

How is alveolar gas exchange affected by emphysema and pneumonia?

Question 50

The cartilaginous flap that closes the trachea during swallowing is called the .

Question 51

Complete the following statement using the choices below.Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

A)equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.
B)greater than the intra- alveolar pressure.
C)less than the pressure in the atmosphere.
D)greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

Question 52

The nose serves all the following functions except .

A)warming and humidifying the air
B)as a passageway for air movement
C)cleansing the air
D)as the initiator of the cough reflex

Question 53

The partial pressure gradient for oxygen in the body)is much steeper than that for carbon dioxide.Explain how equal amounts of these two gases can be exchanged in a given time interval)in the lungs and at the tissues.

Question 54

Type II alveolar cells secrete .

Question 55

Which respiratory- associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

A)diaphragm would contract,external intercostals would relax
B)internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
C)diaphragm contracts,internal intercostals would relax
D)external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax

Question 56

The archway in the back of the throat is called the .

Question 57

Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system?

A)external respiration
B)pulmonary respiration
C)pulmonary ventilation
D)transport of respiratory gases

Question 58

Distinguish among anemic,ischemic,histotoxic,and hypoxemic hypoxia.

Question 59

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

A)tuberculosis
B)emphysema
C)coryza
D)pneumonia

Question 60

Nerve impulses from will result in inspiration.

A)Broca's center
B)the chemoreceptor center
C)the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
D)the ventral respiratory group

Question 61

Terminal bronchioles are lined with epithelium.

Question 62

Briefly differentiate between atmospheric pressure,intrapulmonary pressure,and intrapleural pressure.Which of these is always negative in a healthy individual during normal breathing? What happens if intrapleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure?

Question 63

Oxygen unloading in a RBC due to declining pH is called the .

Question 64

What is the chloride shift and why does it occur?

Question 65

Define anatomical dead space.What is the relationship between anatomical and alveolar dead space? Which value is likely to increase during lung pathology?

Question 66

How is it possible to change the pitch of our voice from high to low?