Deck 8: Using Health Services

Question 1

Medical students' disease is an example of the role of _ symptoms.

A) cultural differences
B) mood
C) individual differences
D) situational factors
E) Type A behaviour

Answer 1

situational factors

Question 2

One component of illness schemas involves perceptions of the range of symptoms and treatments associated with a particular disease. This component refers to the of
The disease.

A) identity
B) consequences
C) causes
D) symptoms
E) cure

Answer 2

consequences

Question 3

The few studies conducted on this topic confirm that health anxiety is both a precursor and a product of _.

A) perichondria
B) cyber obsession
C) cyberchondria
D) mitochondria
E) hypochondria

Answer 3

cyberchondria

Question 4

Who of the following people is most likely to view their symptom as more serious and therefore seek treatment?

A) Kathy, who has a sore shoulder from painting the walls in her house.
B) Julie, who injured her hand from having a heavy object drop on it.
C) Eileen, who banged her knee on the coffee table edge.
D) Kyla, who got a nick on her elbow.
E) Kerry, who injured her side after someone opened a door into her.

Question 5

Unintentional accident frequency and the use of services decline in adolescence and throughout young adulthood.

Question 6

People's awareness of their internal physiological state is remarkably accurate.

Question 7

Which of the following answers best defines the term cyberchondria?

A) Worrying well after listening to health-related podcasts.
B) Excessive malingering on Internet chat rooms.
C) Excessive use of health-related Internet sites to fuel anxiety.
D) Anxiety about a lack of secondary gains.
E) Hypochondriasis as a result of Internet bullying.

Question 8

The symptoms.
_ model of illness is represented by alternating periods of either no or many

A) circular
B) terminal
C) cyclic
D) acute
E) chronic

Question 9

Bruce has found that he becomes increasingly fatigued after even mild exertion. He discusses his problem with his neighbour, Sam, who recently suffered from a similar problem. Sam tells him that a megadose of vitamin B complex completely eradicated his symptoms. Bruce tries Sam's remedy and does feel a little better. This is an example of

A) the lay referral network.
B) self-care.
C) folk medicine.
D) disease prototypes.
E) cyberdiagnosis.

Question 10

When under stress, people are more likely to

A) repress their physical symptoms.
B) delay seeking medical treatment. in the recognition of
C) attribute stress-related physiological changes to stress rather than to illness.
D) exaggerate their perception and interpretation of the meaning of the symptoms.
E) believe they are less vulnerable to illness and direct their attention outward.

Question 11

Disease models influence people's

A) expectations about their future health.
B) preventive health behaviours, adherence to treatment regimens, and expectations about their future health.
C) adherence to treatment regimens.
D) ability to cope with ambiguous symptoms.
E) preventive health behaviours.

Question 12

Illness schemas develop in

A) childhood.
B) early adulthood.
C) middle age.
D) adolescence.
E) They can develop at any age.

Question 13

Symptom recognition is determined by individual differences in

A) mood.
B) physical reactivity and situational factors.
C) physical reactivity and cultural factors.
D) tolerance of physical symptoms and access to medical care.
E) attention to one's body and situational factors.

Question 14

Who is most likely to seek medical help?

A) Sheila, who broke a nail.
B) Veena, who bled by stepping on a thorn.
C) Anna, who has a mild cold.
D) Ram, who met with a serious injury in sports.
E) Dan, who cut himself a bit when slicing vegetables.

Question 15

People in a bad mood

A) are pessimistic that any actions they might take would relieve their symptoms.
B) suppress their symptoms.
C) believe they are more capable of alleviating their symptoms.
D) tend to seek out more medical advice on the Internet.
E) perceive themselves as less vulnerable to future illness.

Question 16

Compared to those with no history of a particular medical condition, people who have a history of a particular medical condition are more likely to

A) disregard a symptom's meaning and how common it is within their culture.
B) increase their vigilance and seek out information about the condition in an attempt to regain mastery and control.
C) underestimate its prevalence in the general population and thus overestimate the threat to their health.
D) overestimate its prevalence in the general population and thus regard their situation as less serious.
E) increase their vigilance and monitor their physical status to detect transitory changes in their bodily state.

Question 17

Individual differences in neuroticism have been found to influence symptom

A) reporting and recognition.
B) severity.
C) recognition but not reporting.
D) reporting but not recognition.
E) hyperchondria.

Question 18

People who are anxious or neurotic are more likely to recognize physical symptoms and worry about them without seeking treatment.

Question 19

Illness schemas are acquired through

A) family and friends.
B) personal experience, the media, and family and friends.
C) personal experiences.
D) medical dictionaries.
E) the media.

Question 20

In Canada, complementary and alternative therapies

A) are viewed as simply unconventional or folk medicine.
B) exclude natural health products.
C) are often used because of the recommendation of friends and family members.
D) can only be self-administered.
E) are less expensive than in most other countries.

Question 21

Women's higher use of medical care and poorer health than men may be attributed to the following factor(s):

A) more access to benefits.
B) less economic hardship.
C) female medical care is available in all clinics and medical treatment facilities.
D) higher rates of part-time employment.
E) lower levels of temporary employment.

Question 22

The notion that illness may actually be reinforcing because it exempts the individual from daily responsibilities is termed

A) delay behaviour.
B) somaticizing.
C) malingering.
D) hypochondriasis.
E) secondary gains.

Question 23

With respect to delay behaviour,

A) there is no danger associated with delay behaviour, people should seek medical help when they feel ready.
B) people who are fearful of doctors, examinations, surgery, and medical facilities generally delay less than do people who are not fearful.
C) the elderly appear to delay more than middle-aged individuals.
D) people are less likely to visit a doctor if they do not have a family doctor.
E) people who delay seeking medical help are considered nonusers.

Question 24

Threats to self-esteem are related to the tendency to somaticize.

Question 25

may contribute to higher levels of use of medical care by women.

A) Lower levels of unemployment
B) Higher education
C) Higher economic status
D) Lower rates of part-time employment
E) More fragmented medical care

Question 26

Physicians are more likely to perceive female patients as psychologically disturbed.

Question 27

The Health Belief Model best predicts the treatment-seeking behaviour of

A) women.
B) ethnic minorities.
C) people who have access to health services rather than people who do not have access to health services.
D) men.
E) the elderly.

Question 28

Somaticizers

A) tend to express distress and conflict through physical symptoms.
B) repress their symptoms during times of stress.
C) tend to express distress and conflict verbally.
D) exhibit strong beliefs in self-care.
E) will avoid stressors at any cost.

Question 29

The use of health services is lowest in

A) adolescence and young adulthood.
B) middle age.
C) childhood.
D) old age.
E) infancy.

Question 30

The research conducted at Bishop's University in Quebec on the impact of linguistic barriers on the perceptions of health care services found that

A) Anglophones felt there were fewer health care services available to them, resulting in dissatisfaction with services received and a negative mentality toward their future health care in Quebec.
B) Anglophones were more dissatisfied with the services offered and therefore less likely to want to use these services in the future.
C) Anglophones rated their future health as significantly poorer than that of Francophones if they remained living in Quebec.
D) Anglophones perceived that there were fewer health care services in English available to them than there actually were.
E) Anglophones in Quebec deemed their health care equal to that of the Francophones living in the same province - language barriers do not affect the perception of health care.

Question 31

Illness delay is the time

A) between a person's recognition of a symptom and when the person seeks treatment.
B) between deciding to seek treatment and actually doing so.
C) it takes an individual to decide that a symptom is serious.
D) between receiving the treatment and when a patient begins to feel better.
E) between the recognition that a symptom implies an illness and the decision to seek treatment.

Question 32

Medical delay

A) is more likely in cases where the diagnosis is not serious.
B) is more likely when symptoms are acute in nature.
C) is unrelated to the diagnostic process.
D) accounts for at least 30% of all delay behaviours.
E) is more likely when symptoms deviate from the practitioner's disease prototype.

Question 33

The nature of physical symptoms may play an important role in a patient's delay behaviour. Specifically, a patient will seek treatment less quickly when a symptom

A) changes quickly.
B) causes aches and pains.
C) is persistent over time.
D) is not highly visible.
E) is similar to a symptom that was previously deemed minor.

Question 34

Women use the health care system more than men do.

Question 35

People from a lower socio-economic status (SES) make more use of health care services than people from a higher SES.

A) Studies have proved this.
B) The link between the use of health care services and SES is paradoxical.
C) The results from research on this topic are mixed.
D) Studies have not proved this.
E) The results from research on this topic are controversial.

Question 36

is the time between actually deciding to seek treatment and actually doing so.

A) Response delay
B) Appraisal delay
C) Medical delay
D) Behavioural delay
E) Illness delay

Question 37

The correct order of the stages of delay in seeking treatment is

A) behavioural, appraisal, illness, and medical delay.
B) appraisal, illness, behavioural, and medical delay.
C) appraisal, symptom, illness, and medical delay.
D) appraisal, illness, medical, and behavioural delay.
E) behavioural, illness, appraisal, and medical delay.

Question 38

The worried well

A) are concerned about physical and mental health.
B) are more likely to also have cyberchondria.
C) tend to express distress and conflict through physical symptoms.
D) repress their symptoms during times of stress.
E) tend to use health services less.

Question 39

The patient who complains of a medical disorder that is rightfully psychological in nature is more likely to be treated by a

A) specialist.
B) general practitioner.
C) lay practitioner.
D) psychiatrist.
E) psychologist.

Question 40

Socio-economic factors that contribute to differences in the use of health services are:

A) that income and culture affect how health services are used, while education does not have any discernable effect.
B) that income, culture, and education are all factors that contribute to differences in how health services are used.
C) culture.
D) income.
E) education.

Question 41

Verbal preparatory information is often more beneficial than patients viewing videotapes.

Question 42

Providing preparatory information to patients prior to surgery has little effect on their rate of recovery.

Question 43

You have been asked to develop a public information program designed to minimize the delay behaviour of people who evidence one or more of the seven warning signs of cancer. Considering the research evidence presented in your text, the most effective appeal would emphasize the fact that

A) aggressive treatment enhances one's chances of surviving cancer.
B) precancerous symptoms are seldom troublesome or alarming, yet everyone is vulnerable to the disease and should seek early treatment.
C) although the side effects can be debilitating, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can successfully treat many cancers.
D) certain cancers have a very poor prognosis and a high mortality rate.
E) individuals with cancer-free parents do not need to get alarmed about any symptoms as cancer is genetic.

Question 44

According to a study by Kulik and Mahler in 1987, cardiac patients about to undergo surgery showed benefits when they specifically had a post-operative patient as a roommate. This could be in part due to the fact that

A) they were able to obtain information about what to expect after surgery and were relieved to see that their roommate survived the surgery.
B) they were relieved to see that their roommate survived the surgery.
C) they were able to obtain information about what to expect after surgery.
D) they had someone to talk to during non-visiting hours.
E) they got control of the television remote control, which is highly correlated to blood pressure.

Question 45

The results of Irving Janis's classic research (1958) evaluating presurgical control-enhancing interventions utilized with stressful medical procedures suggests that patient coping is facilitated by

A) cognitive-behavioural interventions.
B) mood enhancing drugs.
C) relaxation training.
D) information about the procedure.
E) hypnosis

Question 46

A quarter of a million Canadians per year suffer from

A) influenza.
B) hospital infection.
C) pneumonia.
D) diabetes.
E) heart disease.

Question 47

The role of the hospital has changed significantly over the last few decades. As hospitals have assumed many treatment functions, the average number of hospitalizations have

A) remained the same.
B) decreased.
C) increased and then decreased.
D) leveled off.
E) increased.

Question 48

Nosocomial infections

A) are least likely to affect the elderly.
B) occur even when strict handwashing and sterilization of equipment guidelines are practiced.
C) are the fourth leading cause of death in Canada.
D) have been reported in Ontario only.
E) are infections that result from exposure to disease in the hospital setting.

Question 49

Psychological control in a hospital setting

A) is only important for patients and not their families.
B) when increased can contribute to quick recovery of functioning.
C) cannot be achieved by providing extensive information about the admitting process.
D) can be increased by providing the patient with information about their medical procedure only.
E) does not contribute to quicken patient recovery.

Question 50

Nurses who experience job strain, low supervisor/co-worker support, low autonomy, poor nurse-physician working relations, high physical demands, and job insecurity were ________ as likely to experience poor or fair physical and mental health compared to nurses who did not experience these demands.

A) 5 times
B) 10 times
C) 3 times
D) 1.5 times
E) 2 times

Question 51

As recently as 60 or 70 years ago, hospitals were thought of as places where one goes to die.

Question 52

As reflected in the communication of hospital workers, occupational segregation

A) is high.
B) exists only in some departments.
C) is low.
D) exists depending on the geographic location of the hospital.
E) is a myth.

Question 53

People with burnout show elevated levels of

A) red blood cells.
B) chlorides.
C) blood plasma.
D) lipids.
E) cytokine.

Question 54

In Canadian hospitals that have adopted a Johns Hopkins model, physician chiefs

A) are at the top of the medical line of authority in the hospital.
B) are the first person to act in case of an emergency.
C) act as "invited-guests" to the hospital.
D) are not employees of the hospital.
E) do not treat patients.

Question 55

In the study by Mahler and Kulik (1998) on the use of videos to prepare patients for upcoming procedures, compared with patients who did not receive videotaped preparation, patients who saw a videotape

A) felt significantly better prepared for the recovery period.
B) reported higher self-efficacy during the recovery period.
C) were more adherent to recommended dietary and exercise changes during their recovery.
D) were released sooner from the hospital.
E) reported higher levels of anxiety prior to surgery.

Question 56

Many of the infections contracted during a hospital stay could be decreased with proper handwashing.

Question 57

Psychologists in the hospital setting

A) have expanded their roles.
B) have reduced their roles due to budgetary concerns.
C) are involved in pre-surgery and post-surgery preparation of psychiatric patients only.
D) only diagnose and treat psychological problems that can complicate patient care.
E) have decreased in recent years.

Question 58

Shields and Wilkins (2006) found that nurses in Canada

A) reported arriving late or leaving early from work.
B) reported that they were not given enough time to do what was expected of them and experienced high physical demands from their job.
C) experienced high physical demands from their job.
D) reported that they were not given enough time to do what was expected of them.
E) experience less burnout than nurses in the United States.

Question 59

Burnout among nurses may result from

A) experiencing emotional abuse in the workplace.
B) better job prospects in other organizations.
C) being underpaid.
D) picking up heavy equipment.
E) working night shifts.

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of burnout?

A) increased concern for the client
B) low sense of efficacy in one's job
C) cynicism
D) emotional exhaustion
E) unsafe work conditions

Question 61

Explain how hospitalization may affect patients' sense of personal control. What reactions are commonly observed?

Question 62

Research on the role of preparatory information in adjustment to surgery shows that

A) preparation is a waste of time and resources.
B) preparation has beneficial effects on patients.
C) patients do fine with or without preparation.
D) preparation is expensive and unnecessary.
E) preparation is needed only when patients undergo major surgery.

Question 63

Answer the question posed by the text, "What predicts the use of health care services?"

Question 64

Explain how social and psychological factors are implicated in the recognition and interpretation of symptoms.

Question 65

What factors predict health care delay?

Question 66

Summarize the research investigating the effectiveness of control-enhancing interventions.